2nd Edition
Spellman's Standard Handbook for Wastewater Operators (3 Volume Set)
Hailed on first publication as a straightforward, practical, and to-the-point account of wastewater principles, practices, and operations for general readers, students, and wastewater operators in training and for all levels of operators at any level of licensure, Spellman’s Standard Handbook for Wastewater Operators, Volumes I, II, and III almost instantly became the standard resource for this field. The second edition continues the tradition, exploring important aspects of wastewater operations and operator preparation for licensure examinations.
Each volume has been upgraded, updated, and expanded to include additional pertinent information to better prepare each qualified user for professional licensure. More than just a study guide or readily accessible source of information for preparing wastewater personnel for operator certification and licensure, this three-volume manual and troubleshooting guide compiles wastewater treatment information, data, operations material, process control procedures, safety and health information, new trends in wastewater treatment administration and technology, and numerous sample problem-solving practice sets. Drawing on Frank Spellman’s expertise and experience, this book provides:
- Instant access to information that aids in the efficient operation of a wastewater treatment plant
- Basic information and sample problem sets needed to prepare for state licensing and certification examinations
- User-friendly, straightforward fundamental reference material organized into three focused volumes
Contrary to popular belief, treating wastewater is not just a science, but both an art and a science. It requires technical expertise, experience, and an understanding of a broad range of available technologies. With coverage ranging from pumping and screening influent to treating the waste stream and managing biosolids, this three-volume set provides easy-to-understand information. Though formatted at three separate levels, overlap between each volume not only ensures continuity and a smooth read form volume to volume, but makes each one a handheld, stand-alone reference that presents essential information in a precise, efficient, and effective manner.
Most chapters include an introduction, Chapter Review Questions,
References, and Recommended Reading
VOLUME I: Fundamental Level
Introduction
Setting The Stage
Wastewater Treatment: The Model
Wastewater Terminology and Definitions
Terminology and Definitions
Basic Mathematics
Basic Math Terminology, Definitions, and Calculation Steps
Sequence of Operations
Percent
Powers and Exponents
Averages (Arithmetic Mean)
Ratio
Dimensional Analysis
Geometrical Measurements
Mass Balance and Measuring Plant Performance
Force, Pressure, and Head Calculations
Moving Average
Conversions
Conversion Factors
Measuring Plant Performance
Plant Performance Efficiency
Unit Process Performance/Efficiency
Hydraulic Detention Time
Detention Time in Days
Detention Time in Hours
Detention Time in Minutes Chapter Review Questions
Wastewater Sources and Charactoristics
Wastewater Sources
Physical Characteristics of Water/Wastewater
Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater
Biological Characteristics of Water/Wastewater
Microbiology
Microbiology: What Is It?
Wastewater Microorganisms
Microorganisms (in General)
The Cell
Bacteria
Protozoa
Microscopic Crustaceans
Viruses
Algae
Fungi
Nematodes and Flatworms (Worms)
Helminths
Biological Aspects of Wastewater Treatment Processes
Growth Cycles
Stream Self- (Natural) Purification
Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Hydraulics
Definitions
Principles of Hydraulics
Static Water (Water at Rest)
Gauge Pressure
Dynamic Water (Water in Motion)
Head Loss
Pressure and Head Calculations
Pumps
Basic Pumping Calculations
Centrifugal Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps
Wastewater Collection
Wastewater Collection Systems
Preliminary Treatment
Screening
Shredding
Grit Removal
Preaeration
Chemical Addition
Equalization
Aerated Systems
Cyclone Degritter
Preliminary Treatment Sampling and Testing
Sedimentation (Primary Treatment)
Secondary Treatment
Treatment Ponds
Trickling Filters
Rotating Biological Contactors
Activated Sludge
Activated Sludge Process: Equipment
Overview of Activated Sludge Process
Activated Sludge Process: Factors Affecting Operation
Growth Curve
Activated Sludge Formation
Activated Sludge: Performance-Controlling Factors
Activated Sludge Modifications
Activated Sludge: Process Control Parameters
Visual Indicators for Influent or Aeration Tanks
Final Settling Tank (Clarifier) Observations
Process Control Testing and Sampling
Chlorination
Chlorine Disinfection
Solids Handling
Sources of Sludge
Sludge Characteristics
Sludge Pumping Calculations
Sludge Thickening
Sludge Stabilization
Wastewater Sampling and Testing
Wastewater Sampling
Wastewater Test Methods
Permits, Records, and Reports
Final Review Exam
VOLUME II: Intermediate Level
Operator Safety
Safety Starts at the Top
Safety Policy
Safety Budget
Safety Person’s Authority
Accident Investigations
Safety Rules
Safety Committee or Council
Worker Input
Accident Reporting
Safety Audits
Communication
Safety Programs
Recordkeeping
Safety Training
Safety Equipment
Water Hydraulics
What Is Water Hydraulics?
Basic Concepts
Properties of Water
Force and Pressure
Head
Flow/Discharge Rate: Water in Motion
Piezometric Surface and Bernoulli’s Theorem
Hydraulic Machines (Pumps)
Well and Wet Well Hydraulics
Friction Head Loss
Basic Piping Hydraulics
Open Channel Flow
Flow Measurement
Hydraulic Machines: Pumps
Basic Pumping Calculations
Centrifugal Pumps
Positive-Displacement Pumps
Wastewater Conveyance
Conveyance Systems
Definitions
Fluids vs. Liquids
Maintaining Fluid Flow in Piping Systems
Piping System Acc essories
Piping Systems: Temperature Effects and Insulation
Metallic Piping
Nonmetallic Piping
Tubing
Industrial Hoses
Pipe and Tube Fittings
Valves
Piping System: Protective Devices
Piping Ancillaries
Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment
Wastewater Collection Systems
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment (Sedimentation)
Process Description
Process Control Calculations
Problem Analysis
Effluent from Settling Tanks
Chapter Review
Secondary Treatment
Introduction
Treatment Ponds
Trickling Filters
Rotating Biological Contactors
Activated Sludge Process
Activated Sludge Terminology
Activated Sludge Process Equipment
Overview of Acti vated Sludge Process
Factors Affecting Operation of the Acti vated Sludge Process
Growth Curve
Activated Sludge Formation
Activated Sludge Performance-Controlling Factors
Activated Sludge Modifications
Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters
Operational Control Levels
Visual Indicators for Influent or Aeration Tank
Final Settling Tank (Clarifier) Observations
Process Control Testing and Sampling
Process Control Calculations
Activated Sludge Process Recordkeeping Requirements
Disinfection
Chlorine Disinfection
Ultraviolet Irradiation
Ozonation
Bromine Chloride
No Disinfection
Solids Handling
Sources of Sludge
Sludge Characteristics
Sludge Pumping Process Control Calculations
Sludge Thickening
Sludge Stabilization
Sludge Dewatering
Land Application of Biosolids
Permits, Records, and Reports
NPDES Permits
Sampling and Testing
Final Review Exam
VOLUME III: Water Ecology
What Is Ecology?
Why Is Ecology Important?
Why Study Ecology?
History of Ecology
Levels of Organization
Ecosystems
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
Food Chain Efficiency
Ecological Pyramids
Productivity
Population Ecology
Stream Genesis and Structure
Benthic Life
Benthic Plants and Animals
Benthic Macroinvertebrates
Typical Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Running Waters
Summary of Key Terms
Basic Water Chemistry
Chemistry Concepts and Definitions
Chemistry Fundamentals
Water Solutions
Water Constituents
Common Water Measurements
Blueprint Reading
Blueprints: The Universal Lanaguage
Units of Measurement
Alphabet of Lines
Dimension and Shop Notes
Machine Drawings
Sheet Metal Drawings
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings
Welding Blueprints and Symbols
Electrical Drawings
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Drawings
Schematics and Symbols
Electrical Schematics
General Piping Systems and System Schematics
Hydraulic and Pneumatic System Schematic Symbols
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Microscreening
Filtration
Biological Nitrification
Carbon Adsorption
Land Application
Biological Nutrient Removal
Enhanced Biological Nutrient Removal
Advanced Wastewater Calculations
Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment
Sedimentation
Trickling Filters
Rotating Biological Contactors
Activated Sludge
Waste Treatment Ponds
Chemical Dosage
Sludge Production and Thickening
Digestion
Sludge Dewatering
Comprehensive Practice Exam
Appendix A Answers to Chapter Review Questions
Appendix B Formulae
Biography
Spellman, Frank R.