2nd Edition
Soil-Water Interactions Mechanisms Applications, Second Edition, Revised Expanded
Emphasizing pioneering achievements, this work offers a clear and systematic description of various soil-water phenomena and their applications to soil problems such as water retention and the flux of water in soils and clays. This second edition contains material on the physical properties of adsorbed water, the application of fractal theory to solute and water flows in field soils, fingering research, and more.
Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
ENERGY CONCEPT AND THERMODYNAMICS OF WATER IN SOIL
ENERGY CONCEPT OF WATER IN SOIL
Historical review of the Energy Concept
Capillary Potential
Establishment of the Energy Concept
Potential of Water in Soil
Total Potential and Its Components
Physical Meaning of Tensiometer Pressure
Difficulties with the Total Potential
Envelope Pressure Potential or Overburden Potential
Weakness of the Energy Concept
THRMODYNAMICS OF WATER IN SOILS
Thermodynamic Terminology Relating to the Solution Phase in Soil
Types of Work Relating to Water in Soil
General Differential Forms of Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential (Total Potential)
Chemical Potential Water in Soil
Factors Affecting Chemical Potential
Variables of State for Water in Soil
Dependence of Chemical Potential on Position in the Soil Solution
Chemical Potential as a Driving Force for Liquid Water Flow Under Nonisothermal Conditions
Temperature Dependence of the Tensiometer Pressure-Water Content Relationship
Driving Forces
HYSTERESIS IN SOIL WATER PHENOMENA
Hysteresis
Mechanisms for Hysteresis
Different Pore Sizes
Adsorbed Water on Clay Surfaces
Contact Angle
Theory of Hysteresis Based on the Concept of Domains
Fundamental Independent Domain Theory
Application of the Domain Theory to Hysteresis in Soil Water Phenomena
Further Developments of Domain Theories
Controversial Points in the Application of the Domain
Theory to Hysteresis in Soil Water Phenomena
Other Theories
Thermodynamics of Systems Exhibiting Hysteresis
References
INTERACTION BETWEEN SOIL PARTICLES AND SOIL SOLUTION
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES TAKING PART IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOIL SOULTION AND SOIL PARTICLES
Water
Structure of the Water Molecule
Hydrogen Bond
Structures of Ice and Water
Hydration of Ions
Physical and Chemical Properties of Clays
Structure
Specific Surface Area
Electric Charge
INTERACTION BETWEEN WATER AND AN UNCHARGED SOIL PARTICLE
DISTRIBUTION OF IONS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF A SOIL PARTICLE
Balance of Forces on Ions, and the Ionic Distribution
Gouy Theory
Infinite Distance Between Plates
Finite Distance Between Plates
Unusual Distribution of Electrical Potential Near and Edge Surface of Montmorillonite
Problems in Application of the Gouy Theory to Clay-Water Systems
Assumption of Point Charge
Distribution of Electric Intensities in the Vicinity of a Clay Surface
Diffuse Layer Terminated by an Air-Water Interface
Other Factors Neglected in the Gouy Theory
Force Acting on Water Molecules in a Diffuse Ion Layer
Significance of the Interaction Between Soil Particles and Soil Solution on Soil Properties
SOIL FREEZING
Water-Ice Equilibria
Chemical Potentials of Water and Ice
Super-cooling
Freezing-Point Depression
Unfrozen Water in Frozen Soils
Dependence of Unfrozen Water on Original Water Content
Frost Heaving
Water Movement in Frost Heaving
Driving Forces for Water Migration in the Frozen Soil
Soil Freezing
Driving Forces at the Freezing Front
Heaving Pressure
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ADSORBED WATER
Preliminary Knowledge Related to Physicochemical Properties of Adsorbed Water
Physicochemical Properties of Adsorbed Water and Film Thickness
Distribution of Electric Intensity Near a Clay Surface
Interaction Between an Ion and Water Molecules
Interaction Between a Clay Surface and Water Molecules
Physicochemical Properties of Water Adsorbed by Clays
Degree of Dissociation of Adsorbed Water
Interactions Between a Clay Surface and a Water Molecule
Entropy
Viscosity
The Range of Influence for Surface Forces
References
INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLES THROUGH WATER
DLVO THEORY
Potential Energy Due to the Interaction of Two Double Layers
Repulsive Force Acting Between Two Plates
Potential Enerfy Due to the Repulsive Force
Differences Between VRσ and VRψ
Factor Determining the Repulsive Potential Energy
Charge-Regulation Model for Particles with Variable Charges
Potential Energy Due to van der Waals Forces Between Two Particles
Attraction Energy Due to van der Waals Forces
Hamaker Constant
Total Potential Energy
Other Forces of Interaction Between Charged Surfaces
Swelling Clays
Discrete Charges
Forces Between Mica Surfaces
Other Surfaces
TOTAL POTENTIAL ENERGY BETWEEN TWO CLAY PARTICLES
Montmorillonite
Repulsion Energy VR
Attraction Energy VA
Total Potential Energy VT
Flocculation of Montmorillonite
Allophane
Repulsion Energy VR and Attraction Energy VA
Total Potential Energy
Flocculation of Allophane
SWELLING OF CLAYS
Crystalline Swelling
Mechanism of Macroscopic Swelling
Chemical Potential of Water
Swelling Under Unsaturated Conditions
Application of the DLVO Theory to Macroscopic Swelling
Swelling Theory Based on Structural Forces
Effect of Clay Dispersion and Swelling on Permeability to Water
Effect of Electrolyte Concentration
Effect of pH
FLOW OF SOLUTIONS THROUGH CLAY LAYERS
Characteristics of Solution Flow Through Clay Layers
Salt Sieving and the Salt Sieving or Rejection Coefficient
Reflection Coefficient or Osmotic Efficiency Coefficient
Characteristics of Solution Flow Through a Clay Layer
Theoretical Analyses of Solution Flow Through Clay Layers
Rejection Coefficient (Salt Sieving Coefficient)
Streaming Potential
Relationships Between Factors Influencing Solution Flow Through Clay Layers
Streaming Potential and Hydraulic Pressure Gradient
Pressure-Induced and Electrokinetic Flows
Dependence of Rejection Coefficient on Applied Pressure Gradient and Surface Charge Density
Application of Irreversible Thermodynamics to Solution Flow Through Clay Layers
Future Research Effect
References
CAPILLARY
AIR WATER INTERFACES
Laplace Equation
Capillary Rise in a Tube
Lens Water Between Spheres
Meniscus Within a Pore Cell
Capillary Water in Soils
Capillary Rise
Capillary Moisture Distribution Under Suction
Suspended Capillary Water in Soil
CAPILLARY THEORY FOR NONUNIFORM CELL SYSTEMS
Neck Size Distribution Function
Connecting Systems of Pore Cells
Drainage Curves
Capillary Moisture Distribution Curve After Drainage or After Wetting
References
WATER FLOW THROUGH SOIL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF WATER FLOW
Historical Review
Darcy’s Law
Equation of Continuity
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DURING WATER FLOW
Steady Vertical Downward Flow in a Uniform Soil
Horizontal and Upward Flow in a Uniform Soil
Flow in a Layered Soil
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
Temperature Effect
Particle Size
Pore Properties
X-Ray Stereoradiograph Method
Other Approaches to Permeability
Hydraulic Gradient Effects
Average Hydraulic Conductivity
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity
SOME SPECIAL PROBLEMS
Entrapped Air
Capillary Syphon Flow
Capillary Fringe and Water Flow
Unsaturated Downward Flow in Layered Soil
Infiltration
General Concepts
Downward Infiltration into a Uniform Soil
Downward Infiltration into a Layered Soil
Horizontal Water Flow
Upward Flow
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FINGERING RESEARCH
Characteristic Features of Fingering
Criteria for Wetting Front Instability and Finger Width
Mechanism of Finger Persistence
References
UNSATURATED WATER MOVEMENT
LIMITATIONS ON THE VALIDITY OF DARCY’S LAW
Darcy’s Law and the Capillary Model
Experimental Results
Other Theories of Water Flow
Unsaturated Flow Theory Including Interfacial Phenomena
Non-Newtonian and Bingham Flow
Film Water Flow
HETEROGENEITY OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN SOIL
Introduction
Scale Effect and Representative Elementary Volume in Soil
Scale Effect
Estimation of REV
Determination of Range of Influence
The Semi-Variogram
Estimation of Parameters in the Semi-Variogram Function
Effect of Sample Size on Range of Influence
Spatial Dependence of Hydraulic Conductivity in the Field
Stochastic Theory for Water Flow in Heterogeneous Soil
SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN FIELD SOILS
Historical Review
Limitations on the Validity of the Convection-Dispersion Equation
Experimental Results
Theoretical Results
Investigation of Conditions in the Theoretical Derivation of the Convection-Dispersion Equation
Physical Meaning of REV in Solute Movement
Does Asymptotic Behavior Exist?
REV for Solute Transport
APPLICATION OF FRACTAL THEORY TO SOLUTE AND WATER FLOWS IN FIELD SOIL
Concepts of Fractal Geometry
Estimation of Fractal Dimension
Fractal Dimension of a Curve
Fractal Dimension of the Distribution Pattern of an Object Distributed in Space
Examples
Use of Fractal Dimension for Predicting Bypass Flow
Estimation of the Brenner Number Using the Fractal Dimension
An Explanation of Scale-Dependent Dispersivity Based on Fractal Geometry
References
FIELD WATER REGIMES
WATER IN UPLAND SOILS
Physical Properties
Water Regimes in Upland Soils in Japan
Water Movement in Upland Soils
WATER BALANCE IN RICE PADDY FIELDS
Types of Paddy Fields
Water Requirement in Paddy Fields
Percolation and Rice Growth
Soil Properties of Paddy Fields
Control of Percolation in Paddy Fields
Puddling
DRAINAGE OF CLAYEY RICE PADDY FIELDS
General Pattern of Drainage in a Clayey Paddy Field
Drainage Conditions in a Clayey Paddy Field
Effect of Subsurface Drains
INTERACTION OF CHEMICALS AND WATER IN PADDY FIELDS
Improvement of Paddy Fields Contaminated by Cadmium
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in a Paddy Field
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Budgets in Paddy Fields
Nitrogen Removal in Paddy Fields
References
Index
Biography
Shingo Iwata
". . .breaks out of the common orbit of soil physics monographs. . . . . .Its individuality will add diversity to the libraries both of institutions and of students. "
---Irrigation Science