Concise Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technology

• Figures
  
• Tables
  
• About the Editor
  
• Contributors
  
• Foreword
  
• Preface
  
• Part I: Environmental Biotechnology
  
• Advances in Biological Wastewater Treatment
  
• Introduction
  
• Conventional Biological Wastewater Treatment
  
• Advanced Wastewater Treatment
  
• Nutrients in Wastewater
  
• Conclusions
  
• Anaerobic Animal-Waste Environments: Salmonella Species Ecology
  
• Introduction
  
• Salmonella Physiology in the Anaerobic Waste Environment
  
• Salmonella Pathogenicity in the Waste Environment
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biobeneficiation
  
• Introduction
  
• Possible Mechanisms
  
• The Practice
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  
• Introduction
  
• Biodegradation of PAHs by Aerobic Bacteria
  
• Biodegradation of PAHs by Anaerobic Bacteria
  
• Biodegradation of PAHs by Fungi
  
• Biodegradation of PAHs by Algae
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biofiltration
  
• Introduction
  
• History of Biofiltration
  
• Process Description
  
• Mechanism of Biofiltration
  
• Microbial Aspects of Biofiltration
  
• Biofilter Media
  
• Characteristics of an “Ideal” Biofilter
  
• Performance Parameters
  
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofiltration
  
• Commercial Application of Biofilters
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biological Control of Air Pollution
  
• Introduction
  
• Process Description
  
• Process Modeling and Design
  
• Operation and Maintenance
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biomethanogenesis
  
• Introduction
  
• Biomethanation Plants and Digestors
  
• Substrates for Biogas Production
  
• Microbiology of Biomethanation
  
• Biochemistry of Methane Synthesis
  
• Conclusions
  
• Bioremediation
  
• Introduction
  
• Bioremediation Methods
  
• Applications of Bioremediation
  
• Features of Bioremediation
  
• Bioremediation—Success Stories
  
• Conclusions
  
• Methods for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater
  
• Biological Reactors
  
• Principles of Biological Treatment
  
• Reaction Kinetics
  
• Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment
  
• Conclusions
  
• Membrane Bioreactor
  
• Introduction
  
• Membrane Bioreactor Systems
  
• Conclusions
  
• Rotating Biological Contactors
  
• Introduction
  
• Process Modeling
  
• Process Design
  
• Nitrification and Denitrification
  
• Effect of Temperature
  
• Conclusions
  
• Trickling Filter
  
• Introduction
  
• Recirculation
  
• Process Microbiology
  
• Process Modeling and Design
  
• Conclusions
  
• Waste Stabilization Ponds
  
• Introduction
  
• Classification of Pond Systems
  
• Conclusions
  
• Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
  
• Introduction
  
• Biofouling
  
• Microorganisms Associated with Corrosion
  
• Mechanism of Microbial Corrosion
  
• Control and Monitoring of Microbial Corrosion
  
• Conclusions
  
• Treatment of Industrial Effluents
  
• Distillery Effluent
  
• Introduction
  
• Problems associated with Distillery Effluent
  
• Treatment Technologies
  
• Bioremediation of Distillery Effluent
  
• Recycling Treated Distillery Effluent
  
• Conclusions
  
• Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent
  
• Introduction
  
• Procedure of Pulping
  
• Bleaching
  
• Characteristics of Effluent
  
• Problems Related to the Pulp and Paper Industry
  
• Environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Mill
  
• Effluent Treatment in the Pulp and Paper Mill
  
• Conclusions
  
• Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
  
• Introduction
  
• Chemical Removal Processes
  
• Biological Removal Processes
  
• Conclusions
  
• Tannery Effluent
  
• Introduction
  
• Leather Industry—World Scenario
  
• Tanning Processes
  
• Existing Pollution Problems
  
• Impacts of Tannery Effluent
  
• Pollution Prevention Opportunities
  
• Conclusions
  
• Textile and Dye Effluent
  
• Introduction
  
• Physicochemical Processes
  
• Biological Treatment Processes
  
• Conclusions
  
• Part II: Food Biotechnology
  
• Biopolymer Application
  
• Introduction
  
• Starch
  
• Cellulose
  
• Chitin and Chitosan
  
• Other Important Polymers
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biotransformations of Citrus Flavanone Glycosides
  
• Introduction
  
• Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Flavanone Glycosides
  
• Hydrolysis of the Citrus Flavanone Glycosides
  
• Hydrogenation in Basic Medium to Produce Dihydrochalcone Sweeteners
  
• Enzymatic Glycosylation and Esterification to Synthesize New Derivatives
  
• Fermented Milk Products
  
• Introduction
  
• Yogurt
  
• Dahi or Dadhi
  
• Leben and Other Related Products
  
• Lactic Beverages
  
• New Developments in Fermented Milk Products
  
• Functional Dairy Foods
  
• Fermented Vegetables
  
• Introduction
  
• Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables
  
• Nutritional Value of Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables
  
• Some Recipes
  
• Food Additive Production by Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Food Additives of Fermentation Origin
  
• Conclusions
  
• Food-Grade Yeast Production
  
• Introduction
  
• Yeasts
  
• Commercial Food-Grade Yeasts
  
• Raw Materials in Food-Grade Yeast Production
  
• Stages of Industrial Food-Grade Yeast Production
  
• Conclusions
  
• Kefir Yeast Technology
  
• Introduction
  
• Traditional Production of Kefir Grains
  
• Morphology of Kefir Grains
  
• Composition of Kefir Grains and Kefirlike Cultures
  
• Fermentation and Chemical Composition of the Fermented Product
  
• Parameters Affecting the Fermentation
  
• Kefir Production
  
• Preservation of Kefir Grains
  
• Kefir Grains and Kefir As Probiotics
  
• Conclusions
  
• Molecular Methods for Microbial Detection and Characterization for Food Safety
  
• Introduction
  
• Detection
  
• Characterization
  
• Conclusions
  
• Mushroom Production
  
• Introduction
  
• The Mushroom Production Industry: Past and Present
  
• Compost-Based Mushroom Production
  
• Lignocellulose-Based Mushroom Production
  
• Environmental Aspects
  
• Conclusions
  
• Nutraceutical Production and Use
  
• Introduction
  
• Mineral Fortification of Foods
  
• Nutraceuticals from Plant Sources
  
• Fish, Marine, and Dairy Products
  
• Herbal Sources
  
• Required Characteristics for Nutraceuticals
  
• Consumer Concerns and the Future
  
• Prebiotics and Probiotics
  
• Introduction
  
• Importance of Probiotics
  
• Probiotic Organisms
  
• Desirable Characteristics
  
• Benefits of Probiotic Consumption
  
• Sources of Prebiotics
  
• Model Systems
  
• Conclusions
  
• Single-Cell Protein
  
• Introduction
  
• Need for Microbial Protein Production
  
• Sources
  
• Substrates
  
• Nutritional Aspects of SCP
  
• Limitations
  
• Factors Affecting SCP Production
  
• Commercial Production of SCP
  
• Alternative Sources of SCP Production
  
• Optimum SCP Production Parameters
  
• Toxicity
  
• Uses of SCP
  
• Socioeconomic Problems and Cost Effectiveness
  
• Conclusions
  
• Vitamin Production by Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Microbial Production of Vitamins
  
• Conclusions
  
• Xanthan Gum Production
  
• Introduction
  
• General Properties
  
• Xanthan
  
• Gellan
  
• Dextran
  
• Scleroglucan
  
• Biosynthetic Mechanisms and Production Kinetics
  
• Fermentation
  
• Product Recovery
  
• Part III: Industrial Biotechnology
  
• Alcoholic Fermentation
  
• Bacterial Alcoholic Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Ethanol by Fermentation
  
• Factors Affecting Ethanol Fermentation
  
• Kinetics of Ethanol Fermentation
  
• Process Improvement
  
• Ethanol from Renewable Resources
  
• Ethanol As an Automobile Fuel
  
• Conclusions
  
• Fruit-Based Alcoholic Beverages
  
• Quality Factors and Composition of Wines
  
• Technology of Fruit Wine Preparation
  
• Spoilage of Wine
  
• Fruit Brandy: The Technology of Production
  
• Conclusions
  
• Fuel Ethanol from Renewable Biomass Resources
  
• Feedstocks—Introduction
  
• Renewable Biomass Materials Used for Ethanol Production
  
• Feedstocks—Conclusions
  
• Process Strategies—Introduction
  
• Processes for Ethanol Production from Sugar Materials
  
• Processes for Ethanol Production from Starch and Lignocellulosic Materials
  
• Bioreactors
  
• Process Strategies—Conclusions
  
• Grape-Based Alcoholic Beverages
  
• Introduction
  
• Table Wines
  
• Sparkling Wines
  
• Fortified Wines
  
• Brandy
  
• Wine Use
  
• Malted Barley, Scotch Whiskey, and Beer
  
• Introduction
  
• Malt Production
  
• The Malting Process
  
• Malt Spirit and Grain Spirit Production
  
• Beer Production
  
• Conclusions
  
• Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeasts for Alcoholic Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Need for Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeasts in the Ethanol Industry
  
• Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Fermentation of Yeasts
  
• Media Supplementation for Enhanced Osmotolerance and Thermotolerance
  
• Mechanism of Osmotolerance and Thermotolerance
  
• Fermentation Abilities of Isolated Osmotolerant and Thermotolerant Yeasts
  
• Approaches for Obtaining Novel Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeast Strains with Good Ethanol Yields
  
• Conclusions
  
• Alkaloids, Aflatoxins, and Other Secondary Metabolites: Production Techniques
  
• Introduction
  
• Alkaloids
  
• Aflatoxins
  
• Other Secondary Metabolites
  
• Conclusions
  
• Amino Acid Production
  
• Introduction
  
• Production Strains
  
• Commercial Need for and Application of Amino Acids
  
• Amino Acid Secretion—Physiology and Metabolic Concept
  
• Amino Acid Secretion—Mechanisms and Concepts
  
• Other Amino Acids
  
• Conclusions
  
• Antibiotic Production
  
• Introduction
  
• Secondary Metabolism
  
• Regulation
  
• Production
  
• Genetic Improvement
  
• Conclusions
  
• Aroma Compound Production
  
• Introduction
  
• Production of Aroma Compounds
  
• Aroma Compound Biosynthesis Mechanisms
  
• Applications of Aroma Compounds
  
• Conclusions
  
• Bioconversion of Agroindustrial Residues for Bioprocesses
  
• Cassava Industry Residues
  
• Introduction
  
• Microbial Strains Cultivated on Cassava Bagasse
  
• Bioprocesses Involving Cassava Bagasse
  
• Conclusions
  
• Coffee Industry Residues
  
• Introduction
  
• Industrial Processing of Coffee Cherries
  
• Physicochemical Composition of Coffee Pulp and Husk
  
• Applications of Coffee Pulp and Husk
  
• Conclusions
  
• Palm Oil Industry Residues
  
• Introduction
  
• Residues from the Palm Oil Industry
  
• Valuable Products from Palm Oil Waters
  
• Conclusions
  
• Seafood Industry Residues
  
• Introduction
  
• Residues from the Seafood Industry
  
• Valuable Products from Seafood-Processing Residues
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biodiesel Production and Application
  
• Introduction
  
• Sources of Raw Materials
  
• Methods of Manufacture and Factors Affecting Production
  
• Properties of Biodiesel versus Petroleum Diesel
  
• Potential Technology Development: Biodiesel As a Solvent Extractant for In Situ Biodiesohol Production
  
• Biofertilizers: Production, Application, and Quality Control
  
• Introduction
  
• Biomass Production
  
• Formulations
  
• Application Methods
  
• Inoculant Quality Control
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biopulping
  
• Introduction
  
• Lignin-Degrading Enzymes
  
• Use of Biopulping for the Production of Chemical Pulp
  
• Use of Biopulping for the Production of Mechanical Pulp
  
• Conclusions
  
• Biosurfactant Production and Application
  
• Introduction
  
• Classification
  
• Role and Production Mechanisms
  
• Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production
  
• Applications of Biosurfactants
  
• Conclusions
  
• Microbial Enzymes: Production and Applications
  
• L-Glutaminase
  
• Introduction
  
• Sources of L-Glutaminase
  
• Production of L-Glutaminase
  
• Structure of L-Glutaminase
  
• Properties
  
• Glutaminase Gene
  
• Applications of L-Glutaminase
  
• Conclusions
  
• Inulinases
  
• Introduction
  
• Inulinases: Action and Types
  
• Microbial Production of Inulinases
  
• Purification of Inulinases
  
• Applications of Inulinases
  
• Laccase
  
• Introduction
  
• Activity on Lignocellulose Constituents
  
• Conclusions
  
• Lignin Peroxidase
  
• Introduction
  
• LIP Properties and Production
  
• Main Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes
  
• Lipase
  
• Introduction
  
• Kinetic Model of Lipolysis
  
• Reaction Mechanism
  
• Production of Microbial Lipases
  
• Industrial Applications of Lipases
  
• Conclusions
  
• Pectinases
  
• Introduction
  
• Substrates of Pectinases
  
• Classification of Pectinases
  
• Action of Pectinases
  
• Production of Pectinases
  
• Applications of Pectinases
  
• Conclusions
  
• Phytases
  
• Introduction
  
• Sources of Microbial Phytases
  
• Production of Microbial Phytases
  
• Molecular Biology and Gene Expression
  
• Purification and Properties
  
• Conclusions
  
• Proteases
  
• Introduction
  
• Classification of Proteases
  
• Production of Proteases
  
• Application of Proteases
  
• Conclusions
  
• Therapeutic Enzymes
  
• Introduction
  
• Specific Therapeutic Enzymes
  
• Conclusions
  
• Xylanases: Production
  
• Introduction
  
• Xylanase Production
  
• Conclusions
  
• Xylanases: Properties and Applications
  
• Introduction
  
• Xylan Structure
  
• Xylanase Properties
  
• Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Xylan
  
• Applications of Xylanases in the Pulp and Paper Industry
  
• Conclusions
  
• Modified Oligonucleotides
  
• Introduction
  
• Conjugates
  
• Oligonucleotide Analogs
  
• DNA Chips
  
• Conclusions
  
• Organic Acids: Production and Application
  
• Citric Acid
  
• Introduction
  
• Raw Materials Used for Citric Acid Production
  
• Microorganisms Used for Citric Acid Production
  
• Citric Acid Production Techniques
  
• Factors Affecting Citric Acid Production
  
• Product Recovery
  
• Gallic Acid
  
• Introduction
  
• Classification of Tannins
  
• Production of Gallic Acid
  
• Properties and Applications of Gallic Acid
  
• Conclusions
  
• Lactic Acid
  
• Introduction
  
• Production Technologies
  
• Uses and Applications
  
• Conclusions
  
• Pigment Production
  
• Introduction
  
• Plant Pigments
  
• Microbial Pigments
  
• Legislation Involved in the Use of Microbial Pigments
  
• Present Status of Microbial Pigments
  
• Conclusions
  
• Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Renewable Resources
  
• Introduction
  
• Plastic Degradation
  
• Biocompatibility
  
• Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
  
• Conclusions
  
• Pretreatment of Lingocellulosic Substrates
  
• Introduction
  
• Physical Pretreatment
  
• Chemical Pretreatment
  
• Biological Pretreatment
  
• Conclusions
  
• Recycling Agriculture By-Products and Residues for Animal Feeding
  
• Introduction
  
• Crop Residues
  
• By-Products
  
• Conclusions
  
• Solid-State Fermentation for Bioconversion of Biomass
  
• Design of Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Design Considerations
  
• Reactor Types
  
• Conclusions
  
• Engineering Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Bioreactors and Modeling
  
• Standard Instrumentation
  
• Advanced Instrumentation
  
• Process Control
  
• Conclusions
  
• General Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Characteristics of SSF
  
• Advantages and Disadvantages of SSF
  
• Factors That Influence SSF
  
• Substrates for SSF
  
• Conclusions
  
• Modeling in Solid-State Fermentation
  
• Introduction
  
• Bioreactor Models
  
• Models of Particle-Scale Phenomena
  
• Conclusions
  
• Xylitol Production from Hemicellulosic Substrates
  
• Introduction
  
• Production of Xylitol
  
• Xylitol Production Pathways
  
• Optimizing Xylitol Production
  
• Conclusions
  
• Index
  
• Reference Notes Included
  

Biography

Pandey\, Ashok