2nd Edition

Electric Generators Handbook - Two Volume Set

    1100 Pages 803 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Electric Generators Handbook, Second Edition: Two-Volume Set supplies state-of-the-art tools necessary to design, validate, and deploy the right power generation technologies to fulfill tomorrow's complex energy needs.

    The first volume, Synchronous Generators, explores large- and medium-power synchronous generator topologies, steady state, modeling, transients, control, design, and testing. Numerous case studies, worked-out examples, sample results, and illustrations highlight the concepts. Fully revised and updated to reflect the last decade’s worth of progress in the field, the Second Edition adds coverage of high-power wind generators with fewer or no PMs, PM-assisted DC-excited salient pole synchronous generators, autonomous synchronous generators’ control, line switching parameter identification for isolated grids, synthetic back-to-back load testing with inverter supply, and more.

    The second volume, Variable Speed Generators, provides extensive coverage of variable speed generators in distributed generation and renewable energy applications around the world. Numerous design and control examples illustrate the exposition. Fully revised and updated to reflect the last decade’s worth of progress in the field, the Second Edition adds material on doubly fed induction generator control under unbalanced voltage sags and nonlinear loads, interior permanent magnet claw-pole-alternator systems, high power factor Vernier PM generators, PM-assisted reluctance synchronous motors/generators for electric hybrid vehicles, and more.

    Electric Energy and Electric Generators
    Introduction
    Major Energy Sources
    Limitations of Electric Power Generation
    Electric Power Generation
    From Electric Generators to Electric Loads
    Summary
    References

    Principles of Electric Generators
    Three Types of Electric Generators
    Synchronous Generators
    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators
    Homopolar Synchronous Generator
    Induction Generator
    Wound-Rotor Doubly Fed Induction Generator
    Parametric Generators
    Electric Generator Applications
    High-Power Wind Generators
    Summary
    References

    Prime Movers
    Introduction
    Steam Turbines
    Steam Turbine Modeling
    Speed Governors for Steam Turbines
    Gas Turbines
    Diesel Engines
    Stirling Engines
    Hydraulic Turbines
    Wind Turbines
    Summary
    References

    Large- and Medium-Power Synchronous Generators: Topologies and Steady State
    Introduction
    Construction Elements
    Excitation Magnetic Field
    Two-Reaction Principle of Synchronous Generators
    Armature Reaction Field and Synchronous Reactances
    Equations for Steady State with Balanced Load
    Phasor Diagram
    Inclusion of Core Losses in the Steady-State Model
    Autonomous Operation of Synchronous Generators
    SG Operation at Power Grid (in Parallel)
    Unbalanced Load Steady-State Operation
    Measuring Xd, Xq, Z, Z0
    Phase-to-Phase Short Circuit
    Synchronous Condenser
    PM-Assisted DC-Excited Salient Pole Synchronous Generators
    Multiphase Synchronous Machine Inductances via Winding Function Method
    Summary
    References

    Synchronous Generators: Modeling for Transients
    Introduction
    Phase-Variable Model
    dq Model
    Per Unit (P.U.) dq Model
    Steady State via the dq Model
    General Equivalent Circuits
    Magnetic Saturation Inclusion in the dq Model
    Operational Parameters
    Standstill Time-Domain Response Provoked Transients
    Standstill Frequency Response
    Simplified Models for Power System Studies
    Mechanical Transients
    Small Disturbance Electromechanical Transients
    Large Disturbance Transients Modeling
    Finite-Element SG Modeling
    SG Transient Modeling for Control Design
    Summary
    References

    Control of Synchronous Generators in Power Systems
    Introduction
    Speed Governing Basics
    Time Response of Speed Governors
    Automatic Generation Control
    Time Response of Speed (Frequency) and Power Angle
    Voltage and Reactive Power Control Basics
    Automatic Voltage Regulation Concept
    Exciters
    Exciter’s Modeling
    Basic AVRs
    Underexcitation Voltage
    Power System Stabilizers
    Coordinated AVR-PSS and Speed Governor Control
    FACTS-Added Control of SG
    Subsynchronous Oscillations
    Subsynchronous Resonance
    Note on Autonomous Synchronous Generators’ Control
    Summary
    References

    Design of Synchronous Generators
    Introduction
    Specifying Synchronous Generators for Power Systems
    Output Power Coefficient and Basic Stator Geometry
    Number of Stator Slots
    Design of Stator Winding
    Design of Stator Core
    Salient: Pole Rotor Design
    Damper Cage Design
    Design of Cylindrical Rotors
    Open-Circuit Saturation Curve
    On-Load Excitation mmf F1n
    Inductances and Resistances
    Excitation Winding Inductances
    Damper Winding Parameters
    Solid Rotor Parameters
    SG Transient Parameters and Time Constants
    Electromagnetic Field Time Harmonics
    Slot Ripple Time Harmonics
    Losses and Efficiency
    Exciter Design Issues
    Optimization Design Issues
    Generator/Motor Issues
    Summary
    References

    Testing of Synchronous Generators
    Acceptance Testing
    Testing for Performance (Saturation Curves, Segregated Losses, and Efficiency)
    Excitation Current under Load and Voltage Regulation
    Need for Determining Electrical Parameters
    Per Unit Values
    Tests for Parameters under Steady State
    Tests to Estimate the Subtransient and Transient Parameters
    Transient and Subtransient Parameters from d and q Axis Flux Decay Test at Standstill
    Subtransient Reactances from Standstill Single-Frequency AC Tests
    Standstill Frequency Response Tests
    Online Identification of SG Parameters
    Summary
    References

    Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Steady State
    Introduction
    Construction Elements
    Steady-State Equations
    Equivalent Circuit
    Phasor Diagrams
    Operation at the Power Grid
    Autonomous Operation of WRIGs
    Operation of WRIGs in the Brushless Exciter Mode
    Losses and Efficiency of WRIGs
    Summary
    References

    Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Transients and Control
    Introduction
    WRIG Phase Coordinate Model
    Space-Phasor Model of WRIG
    Space-Phasor Equivalent Circuits and Diagrams
    Approaches to WRIG Transients
    Static Power Converters for WRIGs
    Vector Control of WRIG at Power Grid
    Direct Power Control of WRIG at Power Grid
    Independent Vector Control of Positive and Negative Sequence Currents
    Motion-Sensorless Control
    Vector Control in Stand-Alone Operation
    Self-Starting, Synchronization, and Loading at the Power Grid
    Voltage and Current Low-Frequency Harmonics of WRIG
    Ride-Through Control of DFIG under Unbalanced Voltage Sags
    Stand-Alone DFIG Control under Unbalanced Nonlinear Loads
    Summary
    References

    Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Design and Testing
    Introduction
    Design Specifications: An Example
    Stator Design
    Rotor Design
    Magnetization Current
    Reactances and Resistances
    Electrical Losses and Efficiency
    Testing of WRIGs
    Summary
    References

    Self-Excited Induction Generators
    Introduction
    Principle of Cage-Rotor Induction Machine
    Self-Excitation: A Qualitative View
    Steady-State Performance of Three-Phase SEIGs
    Performance Sensitivity Analysis
    Pole Changing SEIGs for Variable Speed Operation
    Unbalanced Operation of Three-Phase SEIGs
    One Phase Open at Power Grid
    Three-Phase SEIG with Single-Phase Output
    Two-Phase SEIGs with Single-Phase Output
    Three-Phase SEIG Transients
    Parallel Connection of SEIGs
    Direct Connection to Grid Transients in Cage-Rotor Induction Generators
    More on Power Grid Disturbance Transients in Cage-Rotor Induction Generators
    Summary
    References

    Stator-Converter-Controlled Induction Generators
    Introduction
    Grid-Connected SCIGs: The Control System
    Grid Connection and Four-Quadrant Operation of SCIGs
    Stand-Alone Operation of SCIG
    Parallel Operation of SCIGs
    Static Capacitor Exciter Stand-Alone IG for Pumping Systems
    Operation of SCIGs with DC Voltage-Controlled Output
    Stand-Alone SCIG with AC Output and Low Rating PWM Converter
    Dual Stator Winding for Grid Applications
    Twin Stator Winding SCIG with 50% Rating Inverter and Diode Rectifier
    Dual Stator Winding IG with Nested Cage Rotor
    Summary
    References

    Automotive Claw-Pole-Rotor Generator Systems
    Introduction
    Construction and Principle
    Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Modeling
    Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method Modeling
    Losses, Efficiency, and Power Factor
    Design Improvement Steps
    Lundell Starter/Generator for Hybrid Vehicles
    IPM Claw-Pole Alternator System for More Vehicle Braking Energy Recuperation: A Case Study
    Summary
    References

    Induction Starter/Alternators for Electric Hybrid Vehicles
    Electric Hybrid Vehicle Configuration
    Essential Specifications
    Topology Aspects of Induction Starter/Alternator
    ISA Space-Phasor Model and Characteristics
    Vector Control of ISA
    DTFC of ISA
    ISA Design Issues for Variable Speed
    Summary
    References

    Permanent-Magnet-Assisted Reluctance Synchronous Starter/Alternators for Electric Hybrid Vehicles
    Introduction
    Topologies of PM-RSM
    Finite Element Analysis
    dq Model of PM-RSM
    Steady-State Operation at No Load and Symmetric Short Circuit
    Design Aspects for Wide Speed Range Constant Power Operation
    Power Electronics for PM-RSM for Automotive Applications
    Control of PM-RSM for EHV
    State Observers without Signal Injection for Motion Sensorless Control
    Signal Injection Rotor Position Observers
    Initial and Low-Speed Rotor Position Tracking
    50/100 kW, 1350–7000 rpm (600 Nm Peak Torque, 40 kg) PM-Assisted Reluctance Synchronous Motor/Generator for HEV: A Case Study
    Summary
    References

    Switched Reluctance Generators and Their Control
    Introduction
    Practical Topologies and Principles of Operation
    SRG(M) Modeling
    Flux/Current/Position Curves
    Design Issues
    PWM Converters for SRGs
    Control of SRG(M)s
    Direct Torque Control of SRG(M)
    Rotor Position and Speed Observers for Motion-Sensorless Control
    Output Voltage Control in SRG
    Double Stator SRG with Segmented Rotor
    Summary
    References

    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Systems
    Introduction
    Practical Configurations and Their Characterization
    Air Gap Field Distribution, emf, and Torque
    Stator Core Loss Modeling
    Circuit Model
    Circuit Model of PMSG with Shunt Capacitors and AC Load
    Circuit Model of PMSG with Diode Rectifier Load
    Utilization of Third Harmonic for PMSG with Diode Rectifiers
    Autonomous PMSGs with Controlled Constant Speed and AC Load
    Grid-Connected Variable-Speed PMSG System
    PM Genset with Multiple Outputs
    Super-High-Speed PM Generators: Design Issues
    Super-High-Speed PM Generators: Power Electronics Control Issues
    Design of a 42 Vdc Battery-Controlled-Output PMSG System
    Methods for Testing PMSGs
    Grid to Stand-Alone Transition Motion-Sensorless Dual-Inverter Control of PMSG with Asymmetrical Grid Voltage Sags and Harmonics Filtering: A Case Study
    Note on Medium-Power Vehicular Electric Generator Systems
    Summary
    References

    Transverse Flux and Flux Reversal Permanent Magnet Generator Systems
    Introduction
    Three-Phase Transverse Flux Machine: Magnetic Circuit Design
    TFM: The dq Model and Steady State
    Three-Phase FR-PM Generator: Magnetic and Electric Circuit Design
    High Power Factor Vernier PM Generators
    Summary
    References

    Linear Motion Alternators
    Introduction
    LMA Principle of Operation
    PM-LMA with Coil Mover
    Multipole LMA with Coil Plus Iron Mover
    PM-Mover LMAs
    Tubular Homopolar PM Mover Single-Coil LMA
    Flux Reversal LMA with Mover PM Flux Concentration
    PM-LMAs with Iron Mover
    Flux Reversal PM-LMA Tubular Configuration
    Control of PM-LMAs
    Progressive-Motion LMAs for Maglevs with Active Guideway
    Summary
    References

    Biography

    Ion Boldea is a professor of electrical engineering at the University Politehnica Timişoara, Romania. A life fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Professor Boldea has worked, published, lectured, and consulted extensively on the theory, design, and control of linear and rotary electric motors and generators for more than 40 years.

    "... condenses in two volumes the most advanced knowledge on electric generators available in the technical literature. The presentation is clear and progressive. New perspectives are analyzed."
    —Fabrizio Marignetti, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy

    "A comprehensive handbook of electric generators that is ideal for graduate-level machines courses."
    —Pourya Shamsi, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA

    "... covers the whole range of electric generators, which is unique, and at the same time discusses how to use them with power electronics technology, making the book really worthwhile to read."
    —Frede Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark