1st Edition
Ultra Wideband Antennas Design, Methodologies, and Performance
Ultra Wideband Antennas: Design, Methodologies, and Performance presents the current state of the art of ultra wideband (UWB) antennas, from theory specific for these radiators to guidelines for the design of omnidirectional and directional UWB antennas. Offering a comprehensive overview of the latest UWB antenna research and development, this book:
- Discusses the developed theory for UWB antennas in frequency and time domains
- Delivers a brief exposition of numerical methods for electromagnetics oriented to antennas
- Describes solid-planar equivalence, which allows flat structures to be implemented instead of volumetric antennas
- Examines the impedance matching, phase linearity, and radiation patterns as design objectives for omnidirectional and directional antennas
- Addresses the time domain signal analysis for UWB antennas, from which the distortion phenomenon can be modeled
- Includes illustrative examples, design equations, CST MICROWAVE STUDIO® simulations, and MATLAB® plot generations
- Compares the performance of different UWB antennas, supplying useful insight into particular tendencies and unresolved problems
Ultra Wideband Antennas: Design, Methodologies, and Performance provides a valuable reference for the scientific community, as UWB antennas have a variety of applications in body area networks, radar, imaging, spectrum monitoring, electronic warfare, wireless sensor networks, and more.
Introduction
Importance of Antennas in Modern Life
Ultra Wideband Systems
UWB Antennas
Scope of the Book
Bibliography
General Concepts of Antennas
Introduction
Classical Narrowband Antennas
Wire Antennas
Aperture Antennas
Reflectors
Microstrip Antennas
Antenna Arrays
Feed-Point
Gain and Directivity
Radiation Pattern Concept
Polarization
Impedance
Reflection Coefficient
Quality Factor
Bandwidth
Bibliography
Recent Developments in Ultra Wideband Antennas
Introduction
Background to Ultra Wideband Antennas
Planarized UWB Antennas
Vivaldi Antenna
Planarized Antenna with Rectangular Radiator
CPW-Fed Planar Ultra Wideband Antenna Having a Frequency Band Notch Function
Slot Antenna Based on Precooked Ceramic
Volcano-Smoke Slot Antenna
Printed Circular Disc Monopole Antenna
Microstrip Slot Antenna with Fractal Tuning Stub
Planar Miniature Tapered-Slot-Fed Annular Slot Antenna
Tulip-Shaped Monopole Antenna
Balloon-Shaped Monopole Antenna
Half Cut Disc UWB Antenna
Planar UWB Antenna Array
Octagonal Shaped Fractal UWB Antenna
UWB Planar Monopoles Antennas
Planar Inverted Cone Antenna (PICA)
Bi-Arm Rolled Monopole Antenna
Square Planar Monopole Antenna with Notching Technique
Planar Directional Monopole Antenna with Leaf Form
Compact UWB Antenna
Double Ridged Guide Horn Antenna
Comparison of UWB Antennas
Conclusions
Bibliography
Developments in Ultra Wideband Antenna Theory
Introduction
UWB Bandwidth
Preliminary Concepts
Biconical Antenna
Planar Monopole Structure as a Basic Element of UWB Antenna Theory
Theory of Planar Monopole Antenna from a Microstrip Antenna
Microstrip Antenna
Planar Monopole Antenna
Planar Monopole Antenna from a Cylindrical Monopole Antenna
Resonance Frequency
Lower Cut-Off Frequency for Different Planar Antenna Shapes
Some Factors that Influence UWB Antenna Performance
Influence of the Radiator
Ground Plane
Bibliography
Phase Linearity
Time Domain and Frequency Domain
The Fourier Transform
Short Time Duration, Wide Spectrum
Impulse Response and Transfer Function
Characteristics of the Impulse Response of a UWB Antenna
Pulse Distortion
Phase Linearity
Frequency Response
Measures of the Change of Phase: Phase Center and Group Delay
Phase Response and Pulse Distortion
Non-Linear and Quasi-Linear Phase Antennas
Frequency Independent Antennas
Other Antennas
Bibliography
Design of Omnidirectional UWB Antennas for Communications
Introduction to Omnidirectional UWB Antennas
Starting Point: Monopole Square Planar Antenna
Design Methodology for Planar Structures
Simulation Results Based on the Design Methodology for Planar Structures
Variation of Beveling Angle
Variation of the Radiator Width
Variation of the Feeder Width
Variation of the Height between the Ground Plane and the Radiator
Reduction of Variations in the Radiation Pattern
Design of Planarized UWB Antennas
General Concepts
Preliminary Square Radiator
Tuning of a Planarized Rectangular Antenna for UWB
Simulation Results
Measurement Results
Scaling Method to Achieve other Bandwidths
Bibliography
Design of Directional Planar and Volumetric UWB Antennas
Introduction to Directional UWB Antennas
Vivaldi Antenna
Leaf Shape Antenna
TEM Horn Antenna
Quasi-Yagi Antenna
Design of a Directive Rectangular Planar Monopole
Design Methodology for a UWB Directive Rectangular PMA
Example of Design of the UWB Directive Rectangular PMA
Mechanical Refinement of the Antenna Structure
Use of a Reflector to Increase the Antenna Directivity
Modification of the Ground Plane to Improve the Antenna Directivity
Design of Planar Directional UWB Antenna for Any Desired Operational Bandwidth
Basic Structure
Transformation Process into Directional Radiation Pattern
Application of the Solid-Planar Correspondence Principle
Design Equation
Experimental Results
Comparison of Different Directive UWB Antennas
Bibliography
Current Tendencies and Some Unresolved Problems
UWB Antennas Today
Impedance Matching, Phase Linearity and Radiation Pattern
Directional UWB Antennas
UWB Antenna Arrays
Interference
Body Area Networks
Radar: Medical Imaging and Others
USB Dongle and Access Point
Computational Aspects
Wider and Wider Bandwidths
Bibliography
Numerical Methods for Electromagnetics
Maxwell’s Equations
Basic Field Laws
Scalar and Vector Potentials
Wave Equations
Essence of the Physically-Sized Antennas Problem
Boundary Value Conditions
Normal Components
Tangential Components
Boundary Conditions and Unique Solution to the Maxwell’s Equations
Radiation Condition
Current Distribution on Antennas
Numerical Methods
Continuous Equations in a Finite Computational Environment
Computational Domain and Meshing
Classification of the Methods
Finite Differences Method
Finite Element Method (FEM)
Method of Moments (MoM)
Software Available
NEC
HFSS
CST STUDIO SUITE
Bibliography
Nabla: The Differential Operator
Rectangular Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates
Some Concepts Related to Differential Equations
Generalities
Order
Differential Equation Systems
Initial and Boundary Value Conditions
Existence and Uniqueness
Poisson and Laplace Equations
Poisson’s Equation
Laplace’s Equation
Index
Biography
Giselle M. Galvan-Tejada received her B.Sc in communications and electronics engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico; her M.Sc in electrical engineering from the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN); and her Ph.D in electronics and telecommunications engineering from the University of Bradford, UK. Currently, she is working in the Communications Section of the Department of Electrical Engineering of the CINVESTAV-IPN as a lecturer and full-time researcher. She is a member of the IEEE and the National Council of Researchers of Mexico. Her research interests include radiocommunication systems, wireless sensor networks, radio propagation, antenna array technology, ultra wideband antennas, WiMAX, space division multiple access, and techniques to make efficient use of the spectrum.
Marco Antonio Peyrot-Solis received his B.Sc in naval sciences engineering from the Mexican Naval Academy, Antón Lizardo, Veracruz; his M.Sc in electrical engineering from the United States Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California; and his Ph.D in electrical engineering from the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico. Currently, he is working for the Mexican Navy Research Institute (INIDETAM), Veracruz, Mexico, and his research interests include ultra wideband antennas and electromagnetic compatibility.
Hildeberto Jardon-Aguilar received his B.Sc in electrical engineering from the School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of the National Polytechnic Institute (ESIME-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico, and his Ph.D in radio systems from the Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, Russia. He is currently a full professor at the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico. His research interests include analysis of nonlinearities in radio-frequency and microwave circuits, electromagnetic compatibility, antennas, and photonic systems. He is the author of five books and more than 100 technical papers published in journals and symposiums.
"The topic of ultra wideband antennas continues to be of vital interest to the commercial and defense communities. The ever-increasing demand for wider bandwidths, while retaining compact size, will assure that books on this topic will continue to proliferate. I highly recommend that Ultra Wideband Antennas: Design, Methodologies, and Performance be a critical adjunct to every antenna designer's library."
—Frank B. Gross, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
"This is an outstanding reference with practical design formulas for a wide variety of useful ultra wideband (UWB) elements. This guidance helps an antenna engineer implement a near-optimal design quickly, minimizing the time required to tweak or adjust the design. This work should be on the shelf of anyone interested in rapid implementation of UWB and broadband antenna designs."
—Hans G. Schantz, Q-Track Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama, USA"... provides a comprehensive treatment of the theory and design of UWB antennas."
—Microwave Journal, August 2015"... perfect for entry-level UWB antenna designers as well as UWB equipment designers and operators."
—IEEE Microwave Magazine, March 2016“Many guidelines on the fundamentals of UWB antennas are presented, giving the reader a very good understanding of UWB antenna theory.”
—IEEE Electrical Insulation, September/October 2016
