2nd Edition

Colloids and Interfaces in Life Sciences and Bionanotechnology

By Willem Norde Copyright 2011
    496 Pages 256 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Colloidal systems occur everywhere—in soils, seawater, foodstuff, pharmaceuticals, paints, blood, biological cells, and microorganisms. Colloids and Interfaces in Life Sciences and Bionanotechnology, Second Edition, gives a concise treatment of physicochemical principles determining interrelated colloidal and interfacial phenomena.

    New in the Second Edition:

    • New topics, including phase separations in polymer systems, electrokinetics of charged permeable surface coatings, and polymer brush coatings to control adsorption and adhesion of particles
    • Emphasis on inter-particle interactions and surface phenomena in (bio)nanotechnology
    • Full solutions to over 100 updated and additional exercises are presented in the Appendix

    Focusing on physicochemical concepts that form the basis of understanding colloidal and interfacial phenomena—rather than on experimental methods and techniques—this book is an excellent primer for students and scientists interested in colloidal and interfacial phenomena, their mutual relations and connections, and the fascinating role they play in natural and man-made systems.

    Each chapter includes Exercises and Suggestions for Further Reading

    Introduction
    Colloidal Domain
    Interfaces Are Closely Related to Colloids
    Colloid and Interface Science in a Historical Perspective
    Classification of Colloidal Systems

    Colloidal Particles: Shapes and Size Distributions
    Shapes
    Particle Size Distributions
    Average Molar Mass.
    Specific Surface Area

    Some Thermodynamic Principles and Relations, with Special Attention to Interfaces
    Energy, Work, and Heat: The First Law of Thermodynamics
    The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
    Reversible Processes: Definition of Intensive Variables
    Introduction of Other Functions of State: Maxwell Relations
    Molar Properties and Partial Molar Properties: Dependence of the Chemical Potential on Temperature, Pressure, and Composition of the System
    Criteria for Equilibrium: Osmotic Pressure
    Phase Equilibria, Partitioning, Solubilization, and Chemical Equilibrium
    Entropy of Mixing
    Excess Nature of Interfacial Thermodynamic Quantities: The Gibbs Dividing Plane
    Gibbs–Duhem Relation
    Gibbs Adsorption Equation
    Some Applications of the Gibbs Adsorption Equation
    Nonideal Mixtures

    Water
    Phenomenological Aspects of Water
    Molecular Properties of Water
    Water as a Solvent

    Interfacial Tension
    Interfacial Tension: Phenomenological Aspects.
    Interfacial Tension as a Force: Mechanical Definition of Interfacial Tension
    Interfacial Tension as an Interfacial (Gibbs) Energy: Thermodynamic Definition of Interfacial Tension
    Operational Restrictions of Interfacial Tension
    Interfacial Tension and the Works of Cohesion and Adhesion
    Molecular Interpretation of Interfacial Tension

    Curvature and Capillarity
    Capillary Pressure: The Young–Laplace Equation
    .Radii of Curvature
    Some Consequences of Capillary Pressure
    Curvature and Chemical Potential: Kelvin’s Law and Ostwald’s Law Curvature and Nucleation

    Monolayers at Fluid Interfaces
    The Interfacial Pressure.
    Gibbs and Langmuir Monolayers: Equations of State.
    Formation of Monolayers
    Pressure–Area Isotherms of Langmuir Monolayers: Two-Dimensional Phases
    Transfer of Monolayers to Solid Surfaces: Langmuir–Blodgett and Langmuir–Schaefer Films
    Covalent Organic Monolayers

    Wetting of Solid Surfaces
    Contact Angle: Equation of Young and Dupré
    Some Complications in the Establishment of the
    Contact Angle: Hysteresis, Surface Heterogeneity, and Roughness
    Wetting and Adhesion: Determination of Surface Polarity
    Approximation of the Surface Tension of a Solid: The Critical Surface Tension of Wetting
    Wetting by Solutions Containing Surfactants
    Capillary Penetration
    Some Practical Applications and Implications of Wetting: Impregnation, Flotation, Pickering Stabilization, and Cleansing

    Electrochemistry of Interfaces
    Electric Charge
    Electric Potential
    The Gibbs Energy of an Electrical Double Layer
    Models for the Electrical Double Layer
    Donnan Effect, Donnan Equilibrium, Colloidal Osmotic Pressure, and Membrane Potential Exercises

    Electrokinetic Phenomena
    The Plane of Shear: The Zeta Potential
    Derivation of the Zeta Potential from Electrokinetic
    Phenomena
    Some Complications in Deriving the Zeta Potential
    Interpretation of the Zeta Potential
    Applications of Electrokinetic Phenomena

    Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Molecules
    Self-Assembly as Phase Separation
    Different Types of Self-Assembled Structures
    Aggregation as a "Start–Stop" Process: Size and Shape of Self-Assembled Structures
    Mass Action Model for Micellization
    Factors That Influence the Critical Micelle Concentration
    Bilayer Structures
    Reverse Micelles
    Microemulsions
    Self-Assembled Structures in Applications

    Polymers
    Polymers in Solution
    Conformations of Dissolved Polymer Molecules.
    Coil-Like Polymer Conformations
    Semi-Dilute and Concentrated Polymer Solutions
    Polyelectrolytes
    Phase Separations in Polymer Solutions: Complex Coacervation
    Polymer–Surfactant.
    Polymer Gels

    Proteins
    The Amino Acids in Proteins
    The Three-Dimensional Structure of Protein Molecules in Aqueous Solution
    Noncovalent Interactions That Determine the Structure of a Protein Molecule in Water
    Stability of Protein Structure in Aqueous Solution.
    Thermodynamic Analysis of Protein Structure Stability
    Reversibility of Protein Denaturation: Aggregation of Unfolded Protein Molecules

    Adsorption
    Adsorbent–Adsorbate Interactions
    Adsorption Kinetics.
    Adsorption Equilibrium
    Binding of Ligands
    Applications of Adsorption

    Adsorption of (Bio)Polymers, with Special Emphasis on Globular Proteins
    Adsorption Kinetics.
    Morphology of the Interface
    Relaxation of the Adsorbed Molecule
    Adsorption Affinity: Adsorption Isotherm
    Driving Forces for Adsorption of Globular Proteins
    Reversibility of the Protein Adsorption Process: Desorption and Exchange
    Competitive Protein Adsorption Exercises

    Stability of Lyophobic Colloids against Aggregation
    Forces Operating between Colloidal Particles
    DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability
    Influence of Polymers on Colloidal Stability.
    Aggregation Kinetics
    Morphology of Colloidal Aggregates
    Rheology, with Special Attention to Dispersions and Interfaces
    Rheological Properties
    Classification of Materials Based on Their Rheological Behavior
    Viscosity of Diluted Liquid Dispersions
    Interfacial Rheology

    Emulsions and Foams
    Phenomenological Aspects
    Emulsification and Foaming
    Emulsion and Foam Stability.
    Modulation of the Coarseness and Stability of Emulsions and Foams

    Physicochemical Properties of Biological Membranes
    Structure and Dynamics of Biomembranes
    Electrochemical Properties of Biomembranes
    Transport in Biological Membranes
    Transmembrane Potential
    Exercises
    Suggestions for Further Reading

    Bioadhesion
    A Qualitative Description of Biofilm Formation
    Biological Surfaces
    Physicochemical Models for Cell Deposition and Adhesion
    Surface Modification to Reduce (Bio)Adhesion
    General Thermodynamic Analysis of Particle Adhesion

    Biography

    Willem Norde is Professor of Bionanotechnology at Wageningen University and Research Center, and Professor of Colloid and Interface Science at the University Medical Center Groningen and the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. His main research expertise is on interfacial behavior of proteins, biological cells and bacteria, as well as on encapsulation and release of functional ingredients in and from nanocapsules. He is author or coauthor of more than 240 scientific publications and coeditor of Physical Chemistry of Biological Interfaces (Marcel Dekker, 2000) and of Nanotechnology in the Agri-Food Sector (Wiley-VCH, 2011) and author of Colloids and Interfaces in Life Sciences (Marcel Dekker, 2003).

    Willem Norde has taught various courses, such as Colloid an Interface Science, Biopolymers at Interfaces, Physics and Chemistry of Supramolecular Systems, and Chemical Thermodynamics. He is a member of the Royal Dutch Association of Chemists, the Dutch Association of Biotechnologists, and the International Association of Colloid and Interface Scientists.


    Dr. Norde received the MSc (1969) and PhD (1976) degrees from Wageningen University, The Netherlands.

    "…[T]he text is remarkably well written … . Each chapter ends with an excellent series of exercises that test the student's understanding of its content and a list of suggestions for further reading. This is an important … resource in providing such a thorough general summary and explication of the basis of colloidal phenomena with relation to the life sciences and could easily form the heart of an excellent course on this subject. Every research institution will need a copy, as will any college offering chemistry courses beyond the most basic. The clarity and completeness of its examples will prove helpful in a variety of other fields, from tribology … to cell biology."
    - E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 5, May 2004

    "The selection of topics is useful in order to introduce the interested reader to a wide variety of colloidal structures and interfacial phenomena. … There are many illustrations that supplement the text in a fruitful manner. … My overall impression is that this book is a good introduction to 'colloids and interfaces in the life sciences' and might be used for introductory courses or seminars … ."
    - Chem BioChem