1st Edition

Introduction to the Physics and Chemistry of Materials

By Robert J. Naumann Copyright 2008
    533 Pages 369 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Discusses the Structure and Properties of Materials and How These Materials Are Used in Diverse Applications

    Building on undergraduate students’ backgrounds in mathematics, science, and engineering, Introduction to the Physics and Chemistry of Materials provides the foundation needed for more advanced work in materials science. Ideal for a two-semester course, the text focuses on chemical bonding, crystal structure, mechanical properties, phase transformations, and materials processing for the first semester. The material for the second semester covers thermal, electronic, photonic, optical, and magnetic properties of materials.

    Requiring no prior experience in modern physics and quantum mechanics, the book introduces quantum concepts and wave mechanics through a simple derivation of the Schrödinger equation, the electron-in-a-box problem, and the wave functions of the hydrogen atom. The author also presents a historical perspective on the development of the materials science field. He discusses the Bose–Einstein, Maxwell–Boltzmann, Planck, and Fermi–Dirac distribution functions, before moving on to the various properties and applications of materials.

    With detailed derivations of important equations, this applications-oriented text examines the structure and properties of materials, such as heavy metal glasses and superconductors. It also explores recent developments in organics electronics, polymer light-emitting diodes, superconductivity, and more.

    Introduction to Materials Science

    What Is Materials Science?

    Role of Materials in History

    How Materials Are Classified

    Overview of the Classes of Materials and Their Properties

    Contemporary Materials Science

    What Is the Future of Materials Science?

    Fundamental Principles

    Review of Atomic Structure

    The Electron

    Schrödinger Wave Equation

    One Electron Approximation

    Periodic Table

    Chemical Bonding

    What Holds Stuff Together?

    Ionic Bonding

    Covalent Bond

    Metallic Bond

    Atomic and Ionic Radii

    Secondary Bonding

    Other Potential Functions

    Appendix: Madelung Summation

    Crystals and Crystallography

    What Are Crystals?

    Crystal Systems and Symmetry

    Structural Relationships

    Interstices

    Quasicrystals

    The Structure of Matter

    Structure of Metals

    Intermetallic Compounds

    Ionic Compounds

    Covalent Structures

    Structure of Glass

    Structure of Polymers

    Reciprocal Lattice and X-Ray Diffraction

    Reciprocal Lattice

    Diffraction Conditions

    Diffraction Intensity

    Methods and Uses of X-Ray Diffraction

    Theory of Elasticity

    Elastic Coefficients

    Properties of Crystals with Cubic Symmetry

    Measurement of Elastic Coefficients

    Bond Energy—Elastic Coefficients Relationships

    Theoretical Strength

    Defects in Crystals

    What Are Defects?

    Point Defects

    Line or One-Dimensional Defects

    Two-Dimensional or Planar Defects

    Volume or Three-Dimensional Defects

    Diffusion

    Mechanical Properties of Materials

    Stress–Strain Relationships

    Relationship between Lattice Type and Ductility

    Strengthening Mechanisms

    Creep

    Fracture Mechanics

    Mechanical Properties of Polymers

    Composites

    History of Composites

    Types of Composites

    Modeling the Performance of Composites

    Phase Equilibria in Single Component Systems

    Definition of a Phase

    Solidification of Pure Systems

    Solidification Process

    Classical Homogeneous Nucleation Theory

    Heterogeneous Nucleation

    Recent Developments in Undercooling Experiments

    Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Systems

    Gibbs Phase Rule

    Entropy of Mixing

    Heat of Mixing

    Free Energy

    Phase Diagram for Ideal (Isomorphic) Systems

    Nonideal Systems

    Alloy Solidification

    Solidification of Multicomponent Systems

    Directional Solidification

    Zone Melting

    Czochralski Method of Crystal Growth

    Dendrite Formation

    Casting

    Sintering

    Vapor Deposition

    Transformation Kinetics

    The Avrami Equation

    Isothermal Time-Temperature Transformations

    Coarsening and Ripening

    Precipitation or Age Hardening

    Heat-Treatable Alloy Systems

    Glass Formation

    Distribution Functions

    Specifying the State of a System

    Bose–Einstein Statistics

    Fermi–Dirac Statistics

    Chemical Potential and Fermi Energy

    Appendix

    Lattice Vibrations and Phonons

    Vibrations in a Linear Homogeneous Medium

    Waves on a Chain of Like Atoms

    Motion of Atoms in a Diatomic Chain

    Tests of the Model

    Applications

    Thermal Properties of Solids

    Lattice Heat Capacity

    Debye Model

    Electronic Heat Capacity

    Thermal Conductivity

    Thermal Expansion

    Coupled Transport Effects

    Applications

    Free Electrons in Metals

    Drude Theory of Free Electrons in Metals

    Matthiessen’s Rule

    Problems with the Classical Free Electron Gas Theory

    Quantum Theory of Free Electrons

    Hall Effect

    Wiedemann–Franz Ratio

    Conductive Polymers

    Band Theory of Metals

    Nearly Free Electron Model

    Binary Phase Diagrams for Mixed Valency Metals

    Band Structure in Metals

    Conductivity and the Fermi Surface

    Tight Binding Approximation

    Experimental Methods

    Appendix

    Semiconductors

    The Group IV Systems

    Intrinsic Semiconductors

    Extrinsic Semiconductors

    Hall Coefficient for Both Electrons and Holes

    Conductivity of Semiconductors

    Optical Properties

    Semiconducting Polymers

    Theory and Applications of Junctions

    The pn Junction

    Applications of Diodes

    Tunnel Diode and Negative Resistance

    Light-Emitting Diodes

    Photodiode

    Transistors, Quantum Wells, and Superlattices

    Transistor Theory and Applications

    Field Effect Transistors

    Random Access Memory

    Charge Coupled Devices

    Moore’s Law

    Heterojunctions

    Superlattices

    Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots

    Dielectrics and the Dielectric Function

    Conductivity of Dielectrics

    Polarization in Dielectrics

    Dielectric Function

    Ferroelectrics

    Applications

    Appendix: Internal Field Correction for Ionic Dielectric Function

    Optical Properties of Materials

    Review of Electricity and Magnetism

    Optical Properties of Dielectric Materials

    Optical Properties of Conductive Media

    Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

    Basic Relationships

    Origin of Magnetism

    Diamagnetism

    Paramagnetism

    Ferromagnetism

    Magnetic Domains

    Magnetic Hysteresis

    Magnetic Materials

    Magnetic Information Storage Technology

    Superconductivity

    Historical Perspective

    Basic Properties of Superconductors

    BCS Theory

    Thermodynamics of Superconductivity

    London Equations

    Coherence Length

    Type-I and Type-II Superconductors

    Flux Quantization

    Critical Currents

    High Temperature Superconductors

    Recent Advances in Superconductivity

    Applications

    Index

    A Summary, Bibliography, and Problems appear at the end of each chapter.

    Biography

    Robert J. Naumann

    ... varies from the majority of available course resources on materials science and engineering for undergraduate engineering students, which cover a wide range of topics that ultimately converge on engineering design. … focuses on the solid-state physics and chemistry of materials at the graduate level. …well-written …. Graduate students, primarily those specializing in electronic materials, as well as faculty and practitioners will benefit tremendously from this book. Comprehensive index … . Summing Up: Highly recommended.
          – T.Z. Kattamis, University of Connecticut, writing in CHOICE Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, July 2009, Vol. 46,  No.11

    This introductory text provides the background necessary for advanced studies in materials science by discussing the structure and properties of materials and their various applications. … The book has very good technical depth. Equations are clearly presented and problems are explained in detail to give the reader, especially those who have little background in quantum mechanics, a solid background in material science. … While the focus of this text is on the fundamental theory, many applications are presented in each chapter pertaining to the material covered in that chapter. … intended as an undergraduate course for materials science majors or for anyone interested in learning about the fundamentals of material. This text could serve as an excellent reference source for anyone who needs a basic and through understanding of fundamental material behavior.
          – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, November/December 2009 - Vol. 25, No.6