1st Edition
Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks The Complete Spectrum Cycle
Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks: The Complete Spectrum Cycle provides a solid understanding of the foundations of cognitive radio technology, from spectrum sensing, access, and handoff to routing, trading, and security. Written in a tutorial style with several illustrative examples, this comprehensive book:
- Gives an overview of cognitive radio systems and explains the different components of the spectrum cycle
- Features step-by-step analyses of the different algorithms and systems, supported by extensive computer simulations, figures, tables, and references
- Fulfills the need for a single source of information on all aspects of the spectrum cycle, including the physical, link, medium access, network, and application layers
Offering a unifying view of the various approaches and methodologies, Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks: The Complete Spectrum Cycle presents the state of the art of cognitive radio technology, addressing all phases of the spectrum access cycle.
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Introduction to Cognitive Radio
Introduction
Cognitive Radio Framework
Definition of Cognitive Radio
Functions of Cognitive Radio Framework
Transceiver Architecture
Critical Design Challenges
Functions of the Spectrum Management Process
Paradigms of Cognitive Radio
Interweave Paradigm
Underlay Paradigm
Overlay Paradigm
Summary
Organization of This Book
References
Spectrum Sensing
Introduction
Spectrum Sensing
Matched Filtering (Coherent Detector)
Energy Detector
Feature Detection
Comparison
Design Trade-Off and Challenges
Multiband Spectrum Sensing
Introduction
Serial Spectrum Sensing Techniques
Parallel Spectrum Sensing (Multiple Single-Band Detectors)
Wavelet Sensing
Compressed Sensing
Angle-Based Sensing
Blind Sensing
Other Algorithms
Comparison
Conclusion
References
Cooperative Spectrum Acquisition
Introduction
Basics of Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Hard Combining
Soft Combining
Hybrid Combining
Cooperative Spectrum Access in Multiband Cognitive Radio Networks
Examples of Cooperative Spectrum Acquisition Techniques
Decision-Based CSS Using Energy Detection
Performance Analysis
Cooperative Transmission Techniques
Chase-Combining Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
Cooperative Diversity
Selective Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Strategies
Dual-Threshold Selective CSS Strategy
Maximum Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Strategy
Maximum–Minimum CSS Strategy
Comparison and Discussion
Conclusion
Conclusion
References
Cooperative Spectrum Acquisition in the Presence of Interference
Introduction
Chase-Combining HARQ
Performance Results
Regenerative Cooperative Diversity
Average Spectral Efficiency
Outage Probability
Error Probability
Simulation Results
Conclusions
Spectrum Underlay
Underlay Access
Relaying Using Decode and Forward (DF)
Relaying Using AF
Incremental Relaying
Simulation Results and Illustrations
Error Probability
Conclusion
References
Spectrum Sensing: Performance Measures and Design Trade-Offs
Introduction
Receiver Operating Characteristics
Single Band
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Multiband Cognitive Radio
Throughput Performance Measures
Fundamental Limits and Trade-Offs
Sensing Time Optimization
Diversity and Sampling Trade-Offs
Power Control and Interference Limits Trade-Offs
Resource Allocation Trade-Offs
Conclusion
References
Spectrum Handoff
Introduction
Spectrum Mobility
Relationship with Other Spectrum Management Functions
Spectrum Handoff Strategies
Nonhandoff Strategy
Reactive Handoff Strategy
Proactive Handoff Strategy
Hybrid Handoff Strategy
Comparison
Design Requirements for Spectrum Mobility Management
Transport-Layer Protocol Adaptation
Cross-Layer Link Maintenance and Optimization
Search for Best Backup Channel
Channel Contention during Spectrum Handoff
Common Control Channel
Performance Metrics
Mathematical Models for Spectrum Handoff
Performance of Spectrum Handoff Strategies
Time Relationship Model of Spectrum Handoff
MB-CRN Handoff
Conclusion
References
MAC Protocols in Cognitive Radio Networks
Introduction
Functionality of MAC Protocol in Spectrum Access
Difference between Traditional MAC and CR MAC
Centralized versus Distributed Architectures
Concept of Common Control Channel in CR MAC
Classification of MAC protocols
Interframe Spacing and MAC Challenges in the Absence of CCC
Interframe Spacing in CSMA-/CA-Based Protocols
MAC Challenges in the Absence of CCC
Network Setup in the Absence of CCC
Fair Allocation of CCC
QoS in CR MAC
Distributed QoS-Aware Cognitive MAC (QC-MAC) Protocol
QoS-Aware MAC (QA-MAC) Protocol
Mobility Management
Primary User Experience and Mobility Support with CCC
Mobility Support without CCC
Conclusion
References
Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Network Models and Local Control Schemes
Introduction
Cognitive Radio Networks Versus CRAHN
Spectrum Sharing in CRAHN
MAC Protocols in CRAHN
Scaling Laws of CRAHN
CRAHN Models
Spectrum Availability Map
Spectrum Availability Probability
Variable-Size Spectrum Bands
Multichannel Multiradio Support
Resultant Channel Model
Local and Global Information
Local Control in Spectrum Management
Game-Theoretic Approach
Graph Coloring–Based Algorithms
Partially Observable Markov Decision Process
Bioinspired Schemes
Local Control Schemes for Spectrum Sharing
How to Apply Local Control Schemes in CRAHN?
Framework of Local Control Schemes
Fairness in Spectrum Sharing
Protocol Design and Illustrations
Conclusion
References
Medium Access in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks
Introduction
Network Model and Requirements
System Model
Requirements
CM-MAC: CSMA-/CA-Based MAC Protocol for CRAHNs
Protocol Description
Channel Aggregation
Spectrum Access and Sharing
Mobility Support
Analytical Analysis
Mobility Effect
Throughput
Case Study
Numerical Results
Conclusions
References
Routing in Multihop Cognitive Radio Networks
Introduction
Routing Problems in Cognitive Radio Networks
Classification of Cognitive Radio Networks
Spectrum Knowledge
PU Activity
Centralized and Basic Distributed Protocols
Centralized Protocols
Distributed Protocols
Control Information
Source- or Destination-Based Routing
Geographical Protocol for Dynamic Networks
Initial Route Setup
Greedy Forwarding
PU Avoidance
Joint Channel-Path Optimization
Simulations and Illustrations
Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Multihop Protocol
Protocol Overview
OCR Performance Metrics
Probabilistic Formulations
Further Improvements
Simulation Results and Illustrations
Summary of Protocols
Conclusion
References
Economics of Cognitive Radio
Introduction
Game Theory
Strategic-Form Game Model
Market Evolution and Equilibrium
Cooperative Trading Model for Cognitive Radio
Fixed-Price Trading Model
Auction Models
Single-Sided Auctions
Double-Sided Auctions
Simulations and Illustrations
Fixed-Price Markets
Single-Sided Auctions
Areas for Future Research
Conclusions
References
Security Concerns in Cognitive Radio Networks
Introduction
Security Properties in Cognitive Radio Networks
Trust for Cognitive Radio Security
Foundation of Trust Evaluation
Fundamental Axioms of Trust
Trust Models
Effect of Trust Management
Route Disruption Attacks
Introduction
Liu–Wang Security Mechanisms
Illustrations of Liu–Wang’s Security Mechanisms
Jamming Attacks
Introduction
System Model
Optimal Strategy with Perfect Knowledge
Illustrations for Wu–Wang–Liu’s Model
PU Emulation Attacks
Transmitter Verification Scheme for Spectrum Sensing
Chen–Park–Reed’s Noninteractive Localization of Primary Signal Transmitters
Simulation Results of the Chen–Park–Reed Scheme
Conclusion
References
Index
Biography
Mohamed Ibnkahla is a full professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He holds a Ph.D and Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches from the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France. Dr. Ibnkahla led several national and international projects in wireless communications, wireless sensor networks, and cognitive radio technology. A popular invited speaker, he has authored 5 books and more than 150 book chapters and journal and conference papers. He serves as the editor of a number of international journals and book series, and is a registered professional engineer of Ontario, Canada.
"... a good source for a beginner in the research area of cognitive radios. ... The author does a very good job of providing a broad overview of the spectrum cycle of CR networks from a basic introduction to a discussion of security issues. The chapters are written well and have a good combination of explanations and mathematical formulations. The exhaustive references at the end of the chapters will also aid in follow-up reading."
—Satyajayant Misra, from IEEE Wireless Communications, April 2015
