1st Edition

Silicon Based Unified Memory Devices and Technology

By Arup Bhattacharyya Copyright 2017
    544 Pages
    by CRC Press

    544 Pages
    by CRC Press

    The primary focus of this book is on basic device concepts, memory cell design, and process technology integration. The first part provides in-depth coverage of conventional nonvolatile memory devices, stack structures from device physics, historical perspectives, and identifies limitations of conventional devices. The second part reviews advances made in reducing and/or eliminating existing limitations of NVM device parameters from the standpoint of device scalability, application extendibility, and reliability. The final part proposes multiple options of silicon based unified (nonvolatile) memory cell concepts and stack designs (SUMs). The book provides Industrial R&D personnel with the knowledge to drive the future memory technology with the established silicon FET-based establishments of their own. It explores application potentials of memory in areas such as robotics, avionics, health-industry, space vehicles, space sciences, bio-imaging, genetics etc.

    PART I CONVENTIONAL SILICON BASED NVM DEVICES

    1: SILICON BASED DIGITAL MEMORIES AND NVMs: AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW

    2: HISTORICAL PROGRESSION OF NVM DEVICES

    2.1 FLOATING GATE DEVICES

    2.2 CONVENTIONAL CHARGE TRAPPIN (CT) DEVICES

    2.3 NANO CRYSTAL CHARGE TRAPPING NVMs (NC DEVICES)

    2.4 DIRECT TUNNEL MEMORY (DTM)

    3: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS AND INTERFACE FOR NVM DEVICES

    3.1 ATTRIBUTES OF GATE STACKS FOR NVM DEVICES

    3.2 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THIN DIELECTRIC FILMS

    3.3 INTERFACE PROPERTIES

    3.4 GATE MATERIAL FOR NVM DEVICES

    4: DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR NVM DEVICES

    4.1 THERMAL OXIDE: SiO2

    4.2 CVD or LPCVD NITRIDE: Si3N4

    4.3 SILICON OXY-NITRIDES: SiONs

    4.4 SILICON RICH INSULATORS: (SROs and SRNs)

    5: NVM UNIQUE DEVICE PROPERTIES

    5.1 MEMORY WINDOW W

    5.2 MEMORY RETENTION

    5.3 MEMORY ENDURANCE

    6: NVM DEVICE STACK DESIGN

    6.1 FUNDAMENTALS

    6.2 FG NAND FLASH DEVICES: STACK/CELL DESIGN:

    6.3 CHARGE TRAPPING DEVICES: CELL / STACK DESIGNS:

    7: NVM CELLS, ARRAYS AND DISTURBS

    7.1 PRE-SILICON GATE TECHNOLOGY AND NVM CELLS

    7.2 THE PRE-NAND FLASH NVM CELLS IN SILICON GATE TECHNOLOGY

    7.3 THE NAND FLASH CELL

    7.4 FLOATING GATE NOR CELLS AND ARRAYS

    7.5 CHARGE TRAP NVM CELLS AND ARRAYS

    7.6 DISTURBS AND MITIGATION IN NVM CELLS AND ARRAYS

    8: NVM PROCESS TECHNOLOGY AND INTEGRATION SCHEME

    8.1 SILICON GATE CMOS PROCESS TECHNOLOGY HISTORY

    8.2 NVM-UNIQUE TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION FEATURES

    8.3 NVM PROCESS FLOW AND INTEGRATION SCHEME

    8.4 NROM PROCESS FLOW AND INTEGRATION SCHEME

    9: NVM DEVICE RELIABILITY

    9.1 RELIABILITY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH GATE STACK DIELECTRIC ELEMENTS

    9.2 SiO2 TUNNEL DIELECTRIC FILM RELIABILITY

    9.3 RADIATION INDUCED INSTABILITY

    10: CONVENTIONAL NVM CHALLENGES

    10.1 SCALABILITY CHALLENGES OF CONVENTIONAL NVMs

    PART II ADVANCED NVM DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGY

    11: VOLTAGE SCALABILITY

    11.1 WHY VOLTAGE SCALING

    11.2 EARLY HISTORY OF VOLTAGE SCALING

    11.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN VOLTAGE SCALING

    11.4 CT DEVICES SONOS VOLTAGE SCALING

    12: HIGH-K DIELECTRICS FILMS FOR NVM

    12.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

    12.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

    12.3 COMMON HIGH K DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR NVM GATE

    12.4 FET GATE INSULATOR REQUIREMENTS

    12.5 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR GATE INSULATOR APPLICATIONS: FILMS OF Al2O3, ZrO2, HfO2, Ta2O5, AND TiO2

    12.6 ALUMINA (Al2O3)

    12.7 HAFNIA (HfO2)

    12.8 ZIRCONIA (ZrO2)

    12.9 TANTALUM OXIDE (Ta2O5) AND TITANIUM OXIDE (TiO2)

    12.10 BI-METAL OXIDES AND ALUMINATES OF HAFNIUM AND ZIRCONIUM

    12.11 ALUMINATES OF LANTHANIDES

    12.12 NITRIDES AND OXYNITRIDES OF HAFNIUM AND ZIRCONIUM

    12.13 HAFNIUM SILICON OXYNITRIDE (HfSiON)

    12.14 COMPARISON OF BAND DIAGRAMS OF HfO2, HfSiON, ZrO2 and LaAlO3

    12.15 COMMON HIGH K FILMS FOR NVM APPLICATIONS

    12.16 REVIEW OF HIGH K DIELECTRIC FILM APPLIATIONS FOR CURRENT NVM DEVICES

    12.17 APPLIABILITY OF HIGH K DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR NVM GATE STACK DESIGN

    12.18 HIGH K FILMS FOR TUNNELING12.19 LEAKAGE AND RETENTION FOR HIGH K TUNNEL DIELECTRIC FILMS

    12.20 HIGH K FILMS FOR CHARGE TRAPPING

    12.21 HIGH K FILMS FOR CHARGE BLOCKING

    12.22 DEVICE DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND DIELECTRIC SELECTION OPTIONS

    12.23 OTHER POTENTIAL FUTURE HIGH K DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR NVM DEVICES

    12.24 INTEGRATION OF HIGH K FILMS IN SILICON BASED CMOS NVM TECHNOLOGY

    13: BAND ENGINEERING FOR NVM DEVICES

    13.1 REVISITING BAND-DIAGRAM AND BAND-ENGNEERING FOR CONVENTIONAL NVMs

    13.2 BAND ENGINEERING USING SINGLE AND MULTILAYER DIELECTRICS

    13.3 BAND ENGINEERING OPTIONS FOR THICKER MULTILAYER TUNNEL DIELECTRICS

    13.4 BAND ENGINEERING OPTIONS FOR DIRECT TUNNEL MULTILAYER TUNNEL DELECTRICS

    13.5 APPLICATIONS OF BAND ENGINEERING FOR SPECIFIC NVM DEVICE ATTRIBUTES

    13.6 BAND ENGINEERING FOR DIRECT TUNNEL NVM DEVICES

    13.7 BAND ENGINEERING FOR MULTILEVEL (MLC) and MULTIFUNCTIONAL (MF) NVMs

    14: ENHANCED TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION FOR NVM

    14.1 FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION AT INTERCONNECT AND PACKAGING LEVELS

    14.2 NVM INTEGRATION AT MEMORY LEVEL

    14.3 INTEGRATION AT FRONT-END-OF-LINE (FEOL) LEVEL

    14.4 NVM TECHNOLOGY /DEVICE INTEGRATION SCHEMES

    14.5 NVM DEVICE TRANSITION AND INTEGRATION CHALLENGES

    14.6 ADDRESSING NVM DEVICE/ARRAYS CHALLENGES AND INTEGRATION:

    15: PLANAR MULTILEVEL STORAGE NVM DEVICES

    15.1 FG to FG CAPACITIVE COUPLING (Cell to cell coupling: CCC) for MLC NAND Design:

    15.2 GCR for MLC NAND DESIGN

    15.3 FG-MLC CELL DESIGNS FOR MEMORY LEVELS, STABILITY, SENSE MARGIN AND RELIABILITY

    15.4 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY: FG-MLC EXTENDABILITY CHALLENGES

    15.5 PLANAR & WRAP-AROUND FLOATING GATE FLASH DESIGNS: EXTENDABILITY ISSUES

    15.6 CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART IN MLC FG-NAND FLASH DEVICE & PRODUCTS

    15.7 PLANR CHARGE TRAPPING MLC DEVICES: ENHANCED SONOS/MONOS

    15.8 PLANAR CHARGE-TRAPPING MNSC DEVICES AND EXTENDABILITY: MNSC NROM AND NAND

    15.9 ENHANCED CT-MNSC DEVICES

    15.10 FUTURE OF PLANAR MULTILEVEL STORAGE NVM TECHNOLOGY, DEVICE & PRODUCTS

    15.11 MULTIPLANAR STACKABLE NAND DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGY

    15.12 ADDRESSING CURRENT PLANAR MLC FG-NAND-FLASH / SSD LIMITATIONS & SCALABILITY ISSUES

    16: NON PLANAR AND 3D DEVICES AND ARRAYS

    16.1 NON-PLANAR MULTI-BIT/CELL VERTICAL CHANNEL CT-DEVICES

    16.2 FINFET AND GATE-ALL-AROUND (GAA) NV DEVICES

    16.3 SURROUND GATE NV DEVICES (SGT)

    16.4 FULL 3D NV DEVICES AND ARRAYS

    17: EMERGING NVMs & LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT NVM DEVICES

    17.1 DEVICE LEVEL AND FUNCTIONAL LEVEL ATTRIBUTES OF DRAM, NVMs(SSDs) AND HDD

    17.2 The NVM MARKET HORIZON AND DRIVING FACTORS

    17.3 EMERGING CONTENDERS FOR CONVENTIONAL SILICON-BASED NVM MEMORIES

    17.4 REQIREMENTS OF MEMORY ATTRIBUTES FOR FUTURE APPLICATIONS / SYSTEMS

    18: ADVANCED SILICON-BASED NVM DEVICE CONCEPTS

    18.1 DEVICE PARAMETER ENHANCEMENT CONSIDERATION

    18.2 APPLICATION PARAMETER ENHANCEMENT CONSIDERATION

    18.3 APPLICATION DRIVERS FOR EMBEDDED AND STAND-ALONE NVMs

    18.4 FUNCTIONAL AND ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS AND GROUPING OF NROMS

    18.5 NVM EMBEDDED DEVICE TYPES AND OPTIONS

    18.6 NVM DEVICE INTEGRATION OPTIONS

    18.7 NVM PRODUCT AND STACK DESIGN BASIC CONSIDERATION

    18.8 Advanced NVM DEVICE AND ARRAY CONCEPTS

    18.9 ADVANCED NVM DEVICES AND ARRAYS: Device Stack and Band Features

    18.10 SCALABLE AND NON-PLANAR NROMs

    18.11 MLS and DENSE NROM DESIGN CONCEPTS: BOTH PLANAR AND NON-PLANAR

    18.12 ADVANCED NAND DESIGN CONCEPTS: PLANAR AND NON-PLANAR

    18.13 ADVANCED NANO-CRYSTAL DEVICE CONCEPTS

    18.14 OTHER ADVACED MLC NVM DEVICE CONCEPTS

    18.15 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NVM DEVICES

    PART III: SUM: SILICON BASED UNIFIED MEMORY

    19: SUM PERSPECTIVE, DEVICE CONCEPTS AND POTENTIALS

    19.1 SUM PERSPECTIVE: APPLICABILITY AND FUNCTIONALITY

    19.2 SUM DEVICE CONCEPTS AND CLASSIFICATIONS:

    19.3 SUM DEVICES AND ARRAYS IN MEMORY HIERARCHY

    19.4 COMPARATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF SUM vs OTHER MEMORIES

    20: SUM TECHNOLOGY

    20.1 CONSIDERATION AND SELECTION OF DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR SUM DEVICES

    20.2 INTEGRATION SCHEME FOR SUM TECHNOLOGY

    20.3 STACK DESIGNS for SUM DEVICES

    21: BAND ENGINEERING FOR SUM DEVICES

    21.1 BAND ENGINEERING FOR USUM DEVICES

    21.2 MULTI-MECHANISM-CARRIER-TRANSPORT (MMCT) USUM DEVICE

    21.3 BAND ENGINEERING FOR MSUM DEVICES

    21.4 BAND DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATIONS FOR MSUM DEVICES

    22: UNIFUNCTIONAL SUM: THE USUM CELLS AND ARRAY

    22.1 FBRAM USUM CELL

    22.2 THE GDRAM USUM CELL

    22.3 THE GTRAM USUM CELL

    22.4 THE CPRAM USUM CELL

    22.5 THE FET USUM CELLS

    23: MULTIFUNCTIONAL SUM: THE MSUM CELLS AND ARRAYS

    23.1 INTEGRATED DRAM-NVRAM MULTILEVEL AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL MSUM CELL

    23.2 The BAND ENGINEERED DTM MSUM CELLS AND ARRAYS

    23.3 OTHER CT-MSUM DEVICES:

    23.4 URAM AND OTHER MULTIFUNCTIONAL SILICON-BASED MEMORIES

    24: SUM FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION, PACKAGING AND POTENTIAL APPLICATION

    24.1 INTEGRATION AT SILICON TECHNOLOGY / CHIP LEVEL

    24.2 INTEGRATION AT PACKAGING LEVEL

    24.3 INTEGRATION AT LARGE SYSTEM LEVEL

    24.4 INTEGRATION AT FUNCTIONAL AND ARCHITECTURAL LEVEL

    24.5 Current NVM and DRAM Market: POTENTIAL SUM APPLICATIONS

    24.6 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

    Biography

    Dr. Arup Bhattacharyya has forty years of leadership and pioneering contributions in the area of microelectronics and nanoelectronics. He has contributed pioneering activities and innovations in process, device, interconnect, and integration of many generations of microelectronics and nano-electronics. His inventions include nearly 300 U.S. and international Patents and invention publications in technologies such as CCD, BIPOLAR, FET, NVM, FLASH, ANTIFUSE, SOI, BICMOS, SOLAR-CELLS, and SOC. Some of the applications of Dr. Bhattacharyya's inventions include electronic Memories, Microprocessors and Controllers, Random and Programmable Logic Devices, Nonvolatile Devices, Energy-conversion devices, ASICs, ASDs, and SMART Electronic Devices. He has experience in R&D leadership, Program management and Technology transfer, Technical Education and Consultancy, Strategic Planning, Infrastructure Development, Product Development, and Manufacturability. Additional experiences include University teaching, volunteering for science and engineering promotion, service to professional organizations, and consultancy to the UN.

    "This book gives a very good overview of existing and emerging NVM technologies. This is going to be a valuable reference book for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. The book benefits from the detailed description of technologies and structures of NVM devices. It shows the variety and differences between all known NVM structures. The book should also help VLSI designers to better understand advantages and drawbacks of different NVM structures."
    Sergei Skorobogatov, University of Cambridge, UK