High-pressure science has undergone a revolution in the last 15 years. The development of intense new x-ray and neutron sources, improved detectors, new instrumentation, greatly increased computation power, and advanced computational algorithms have enabled researchers to determine the behavior of matter at static pressures in excess of 400 GPa. Shock-wave techniques have allowed access to the experimental pressure-temperature range beyond 1 TPa and 10,000 K.
High-Pressure Physics introduces the current state of the art in this field. Based on lectures presented by leading researchers at the 63rd Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics, the book summarizes the latest experimental and theoretical techniques. Highlighting applications in a range of physics disciplines—from novel materials synthesis to planetary interiors—this book cuts across many areas and supplies a solid grounding in high-pressure physics.
Chapters cover a wide array of topics and techniques, including:
- High-pressure devices
- The design of pressure cells
- Electrical transport experiments
- The fabrication process for customizing diamond anvils
- Equations of state (EOS) for solids in a range of pressures and temperatures
- Crystallography, optical spectroscopy, and inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) techniques
- Magnetism in solids
- The internal structure of Earth and other planets
- Measurement and control of temperature in high-pressure experiments
- Solid state chemistry and materials research at high pressure
- Liquids and glasses
- The study of hydrogen at high density
A resource for graduate students and young researchers, this accessible reference provides an overview of key research areas and applications in high-pressure physics.
High-Pressure Devices
Introduction
The cylinder: the most common high-pressure device
Belt type apparatuses
Opposed anvil devices: Bridgman, Drickamer and profiled anvils
Multi-anvil devices
The diamond anvil cell
Other gem anvil cells: sapphire, moissanite and zirconia cells
Pressure transmitting media
Glossary
Instrumentation Development for High-Pressure Research
Introduction
Design flow
Pressure generation and the types of pressure cells
Materials properties
Materials selection
Technical drawings
Finite element analysis
Machining and tolerances
Testing and safety certification
Electrical Transport Experiments at High Pressure
Introduction
Electrical Measurement Techniques with Diamond Anvil Cells
Superconductivity under High Pressure
Iron
Oxygen
Conductivity Experiments at High-Pressure and Very High Temperatures
Single-Crystal Experiments
Hall Effect and Magnetoresistance
Photoconductivity
Other Uses of Electrical Transport Techniques
Future Directions
Advances in Customized Diamond Anvils
Introduction
Laser-Drilled Diamond Anvils
“Designer” Diamond Anvils
Designer Anvil Fabrication Process Steps
Types of Designer Anvils
“Intelligent” Diamond Anvils (iDAC)
Integrated Circuit Technique using Alumina Films
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Systems
Further Examples of the Use of Customized Anvils in High-Pressure Experiments
Future Prospects
Further Development of CVD Diamond Growth Technology
Equations of State for Solids in Wide Ranges of Pressure and Temperature
Introduction
Parametric EOS forms
Thermodynamic modeling
Comparison with experimental results
Comparison of thermodynamic and parametric formulations
Conclusions
High Pressure Crystallography
Introduction
Technical developments
Optical Spectroscopy at High Pressure
Introduction
General aspects
The Raman and IR spectroscopy set-up
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Concluding remarks
Inelastic X-ray Scattering
Introduction
General aspects
Instrumentation
Systems
Optical Spectroscopy in the Diamond Anvil Cell
Introduction
Spectroscopy units, spectral ranges, and dimension constraints
Basic principles
Techniques
Probing of intra- and inter- molecular interactions under pressure – The example of hydrogen
Optical properties of minerals in the deep Earth interior
Prospects
Magnetism and High Pressure
Magnetic equation of state, feedback, instability
Types of magnetic interactions
Magnetic phase transitions
Examples of high pressure magnetic measurement methods
The Deep Earth
Introduction
Geophysical constraints
Phase transitions
Refining the chemical composition of the deep reservoirs
Core dynamics
Differentiation of the Earth
Conclusions
Planetary Interiors
Introduction
Terrestrial planets
Giant planets
Conclusion
Temperature Measurement and Control in High-Pressure Experiments
Introduction
Resistance heating and the thermocouple principle for temperature measurements
“Large volume” devices and sample assemblies
Blackbody radiation and laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments
Solid State and Materials Chemistry at High Pressure
Abstract
Introduction
Diamond and related materials
High pressure mineralogy and solid state materials research
Superconductors, elemental alloys and high-hardness metals
Clathrates and new “light element” solids
Summary
Liquids and Amorphous Materials
Introduction
Definitions
Exploring the liquid state
Amorphous materials
The glass transition
The influence of pressure
Metastable melting
Two state models
Liquid fragility
Polyamorphic systems
Experimental techniques
The role of diffraction
Glass and liquid structure
Case studies
Transitions in the strong amorphous network
Non-oxide glasses: GeSe2
Future directions
Dense Hydrogen
Introduction
The isolated molecule and low density solid
Hydrogen under pressure
High pressures and temperatures
Conclusions
Biography
John Loveday
"… an excellent background and literature review for each topic. The topics themselves are a good mix of experimental and theoretical … viewed as an introductory text, this is an excellent book, with something for anyone about to start working in the general area of high pressure science. I can strongly recommend it to all new Ph.D. students who should be encouraged to read it all … as there are many useful insights to be gained by studying a subject like this ‘in the round.’"
—Matt Probert, Contemporary Physics, 2013"… a very readable book. containing very good technical descriptions, data, graphs on material properties, and some theory with a focus on providing the reader with useful and relevant information on high·pressure physics. This is an outstanding book for someone new to this research area."
—IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine
