1st Edition
The Physical Chemistry of Materials Energy and Environmental Applications
In recent years, the area dealing with the physical chemistry of materials has become an emerging discipline in materials science that emphasizes the study of materials for chemical, sustainable energy, and pollution abatement applications. Written by an active researcher in this field, Physical Chemistry of Materials: Energy and Environmental Applications presents methods for synthesizing and characterizing adsorbents, ion exchangers, ionic conductors, heterogeneous catalysts, and permeable porous and dense materials. It also discusses their properties and applications.
The book explores various examples of these important materials, including perovskites, zeolites, mesoporous molecular sieves, silica, alumina, active carbons, carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, clays, pillared clays, hydrotalcites, alkali metal titanates, titanium silicates, polymers, and coordination polymers. It shows how the materials are used in adsorption, ion conduction, ion exchange, gas separation, membrane reactors, catalysts, catalysts supports, sensors, pollution abatement, detergency, animal nourishment, agriculture, and sustainable energy applications.
Rising pollution levels and the need for sustainable energy have necessitated new ways of using certain materials to combat these problems. Focusing on this emerging discipline, Physical Chemistry of Materials describes the methods of syntheses and characterization of adsorbents, ion exchangers, ionic conductors, catalysts, and permeable materials. It tackles key issues in materials science and physical chemistry.
Materials Physics
Introduction
Crystallography
Bloch Theorem
Lattice Vibrations
Electrons in Crystalline Solid Materials
X-Ray Diffraction
Dielectric Phenomena in Materials
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Mössbauer Effect
Structure of Adsorbents, Ion Exchangers, Ion Conductors, Catalysts, and Permeable Materials
Introduction
Transition Metal Catalysts
Nonmetallic Catalysts
Permeable Materials
Crystalline and Ordered Nanoporous Adsorbents and Catalysts
Ion-Exchange Crystalline Materials
Amorphous Silica Adsorbents and Catalytic Supports
Active Carbon and Other Carbon Forms as Adsorbents and Catalytic Supports
Polymers
Synthesis Methods of Catalyst Adsorbents, Ion Exchangers, and Permeable Materials
Introduction
Methods for the Preparation of Metallic-Supported Catalysts
Synthesis of Inorganic Solids
Synthesis of Microporous Crystalline Materials
Synthesis of Ordered Silica Mesoporous Materials
Active Carbon and Carbon Nanotube Preparation Methods
Membrane Preparation Methods
Polymer Synthesis
Material Characterization Methods
Introduction
Application of XRD in Material Characterization
Electron Microscopy
Energy-Dispersive Analysis of X-Rays
Infrared and Raman Spectrometries
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
Thermal Methods of Analysis
Dielectric Analysis Methods
Mössbauer Spectrometry
Mercury Porosimetry
Magnetic Force in Nonuniform Fields: Phase Analysis Method
Diffusion in Materials
Introduction
Fick’s Laws
Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes
Diffusion Coefficients
Microscopic Description of Diffusion
Some Diffusion Processes in Metals
Diffusion in Oxides
Diffusion in Porous Media
Diffusion in Micropores
Adsorption in Nanoporous Materials
Introduction
Definitions and Terminology
Adsorption Interaction Fields
Measurement of Adsorption Isotherms by the Volumetric Method
Thermodynamics of Adsorption
Systems for the Automatic Measurement of Surface Area and Porosity by the Volumetric Method
Adsorption in Zeolites
Adsorption in Nanoporous-Ordered and Amorphous Materials
Howarth–Kawazoe Approach for the Description of Adsorption in Microporous Materials for the Slit, Cylindrical, and Spherical Pore Geometries
Adsorption from Liquid Solutions
Dynamic Adsorption: The Plug-Flow Adsorption Reactor
Some Chemical, Sustainable Energy, and Pollution Abatement Applications of Nanoporous Adsorbents
Porous Polymers as Adsorbents
Ion Exchange
Introduction
Aluminosilicate Zeolite Ion Exchangers
Some Definitions and Terms
Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange
Rules Governing the Ion-Exchange Equilibrium in Zeolites
Ion-Exchange Heat
Ion-Exchange Selectivity in Zeolites
Ion-Exchange Kinetics
Plug-Flow Ion-Exchange Bed Reactors
Chemical and Pollution Abatement Applications of Ion Exchange in Zeolites
Applications of Other Crystalline Inorganic Ion Exchangers
Ion-Exchange Polymeric Resins
Solid-State Electrochemistry
Introduction
Solid Electrolytes
Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Processes
Kinetics of Electrochemical Processes
Fuel Cell Efficiency
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Sustainable Energy and Environmental Sensing Technology Applications of Solid-State Electrochemistry
Heterogeneous Catalysis and Surface Reactions
Introduction
General Properties of Catalysts
Crystalline and Ordered Nanoporous Heterogeneous Catalysts
Amorphous, Porous Heterogeneous Catalysts and Supports
Photocatalysts
Kinetics of Surface Reactions
Examples of Surface Reactions
Packed Bed Plug-Flow Catalytic Reactor
Chemical, Sustainable Energy, and Pollution Abatement Applications of Heterogeneous Catalysts
Membranes
Introduction
Definitions and Nomenclature
Permeability in Dense Membranes
Permeation in Porous Membranes
Zeolite-Based Ceramic Porous Membrane
Chemical, Sustainable Energy, and Pollution Abatement Applications of Inorganic Membranes
Examples of Polymeric Membranes
Index
References appear at the end of each chapter.
Biography
Rolando M.A. Roque-Malherbe is the director of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Applied Research at the University of Turabo in Puerto Rico.
The structure of the book is coherent. Extensive equations, figures and references provide suitable complement to the text. The production quality allows the reader to understand the ideas with minimal confusion or difficulty. This book succeeds in being systematic and practical, and can be used as a great reference for science and engineering researchers or a textbook for university studies … Not only does this book summarize the classical theories under the discipline of physical chemistry of materials, but also exhibits their engineering applications in response to the currently urgent needs of energy and environmental issues.
—Materials Today, March 2010
This useful, advanced course resource should interest graduate students in materials science, physics, engineering, or chemistry. … All chapters contain extensive, up-to-date, comprehensive bibliographies. There is an excellent balance between chapters on principles and chapters on specific applications; this balance makes the book attractive as a textbook. … Summing Up: Recommended.
—CHOICE, September 2010