2nd Edition
Hailstorms Prediction, Control and Damage Assessment, Second Edition
Each year hailstorm damage to human life, property, livestock, and agriculture is appalling in nature. Broadly, there are two problems related with hailstorms i.e. cloud physics problem of the growth of hailstones and the synoptic problem which relates to the thermodynamic investigation of the conditions that produce hailstorms. Thus, present book discusses climatology, physical properties of hail, measurements, prediction, control and damage assessment. Separate chapter discusses the typical features of hailstorm formation. Forecasters in any part of the world could find fair order of similarity in the synoptic models discussed amongst the four regions of India, with their regions, too.
Climatology of Hailstorm
Geographical Distribution of Hailstorm
Global Climatology of Severe Hailstorm
Regional Climatology of Hailstorms
Hailstorms over India
Seasonal Variation of Hailstorm in India
Hail Path, Hail Streak and Hailswath
Duration of Hail Fall
Duration of Hail Damage
Hailstones
Classification of Hail
Hail
The Shapes of Hailstone
Size of the Hailstone
Hail Sampling and Analysis
Hailstone Sampling
Measurement of Shape and Size of Hail
Instruments Related to Hailfall
Hailstone Examination
Storing of Hail Stones
Aerodynamic Forces, Stability and Position during
Free Fall
Method of obtaining thin Sections
The Structure of Air Bubble and their Significance
The Structure of Ice Portion of Hail
Painter and Schaefer Method for Internal Examination
The Structure of Water Caverns
Convection and Thunderstorm Formation
Convection
The Concept of Buoyancy
Computation of Ascending Velocity
Thunderstorm
Parts of Matured Thunderstorm
Downdraft
Types of Thunderstorms
Movement of Thunderstorm
Hail Growth and Hailstorm
Precipitation Process Chain
Mechanism of Hail Growth
Vertical Wind Shear and Tilt
Commonly used Nomenclatures Related to Hailstorms
Hail Size on surface
Numerical Simulations of Hailstorm
Cave Channel Hypothesis
Echoes Associated with Hailstorm on Radar
Satellite observation of Hailstorm
Structure of Hailstorm
Stability Indices
Pressure and Humidity Dip
Hygrograph Dip
Hailstorm over North-East India
Favorable Conditions for Hailstorm Occurrence
Vertical Wind Shear
Humidity Parameter
Radar Study of Hailstorm over Gauhati
Hailstorm over North West India
Favorable Condition for Hailstorm Occurrence
Vertical Wind Shear
Humidity Parameter
Hailstorm over Central India
Favorable Condition for Hailstorm Occurrence
Vertical Wind Shear
Humidity Parameter
Radar Study of Hailstorm over Kamptee
Hailstorm over South Peninsular India
Favorable Conditions for Hailstorm Occurrence
Vertical Wind Shear
Humidity Parameter
Hailstorm Modification and Control
Sulakvelidze Hypothesis of Hail Control
Seeding in Atmosphere
Seeding Strategy
Seeding Technology
Why Success in Hail Control Mostly Eluded
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) on Hail Control
The Environmental Impact of Using Silver Iodide as a Cloud Seeding Agent
Future Prospects
Damage Due to Hail and Risk Cover
Hail Impact Energy
Damage to Property
Loss of Life
Damage to Automobiles
Damage of Aircrafts
Roof Top Damage by Hail Fall
Protection against Hail Damage to the Crops
Assessing the risk of Hail Damage and Insurance Cover
Biography
Prabhat Kumar was conferred Ph.D.(Mathematics) by Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for his researches in Fluid Mechanics and Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). As post-doctoral research fellow of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, he initiated innovative researches in artificial rain making through MHD. He was also commissioned in Meteorological Branch of Indian Air Force (IAF), wherein he served for 22 years. His glorious IAF tenure included Operational Weather Forecasting at various regions of India. He did Theoretical as well as applied researches and modelling in Mountain Waves at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He was also Senior Instructor, and guided M.Phil and Ph.D in Meteorology at Air Administrative College, Coimbatore – affiliated to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. He is recognized Ph. D guide from the Department of Mathematics and also from the Department of Atmospheric and Space Science, University of Pune, India He is recipient of President of India Medal for meritorious services. He was awarded "Best Application Paper Award" at National Systems Conference, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. He was guest speaker at University of Melbourn, and at CSIRO, Melbourn, Australia and at Estov University, Budapest, Hungary. His key areas of researches include Mountain Waves, Air Pollution, Thunderstorm, Duststorm and Hailstorm, Tropical Storm and Climate Dynamics.
