1st Edition
Handbook of Commercial Catalysts Heterogeneous Catalysts
Despite the advances in understanding the phenomena that occur on a catalyst surface, much of the successful catalyst development and use continues to be half science and half art. The art resides in the practical knowledge of experts in the development and use of commercial catalysts-it comes with experience. Now the background needed to nurture the experience and inspire the art is collected along with the science into a single volume.
Whether called upon to select or improve a catalyst, design a process, diagnose operating problems, or improve existing processes, the Handbook of Commercial Catalysts provides the information needed to form a basis for the task. It offers a starting point by providing a broad overview of 150 major commercial processes and the heterogeneous catalyst used for each. The author has arranged them according to specific reaction or reaction type, and supplies reference citations for deeper research. He offers valuable insghts-based on chemistry, thermodynamics, and surface science-that provide a framework for rational reasoning about catalyst performance.
With data collected from the existing literature, from the in-house specialists of commercial vendors, and from his own extensive experience, the author discusses for each reaction:
Armed with this information, the reader can begin rational analysis of an existing or planned reaction system and logically discuss catalyst characteristics and operations with technical representative of catalyst manufacturers and with colleagues.
Ethylene + Acetic Acid à Vinyl Acetate
Butadiene + Acetic Acid à 1,4 Diacetoxy-2-Butene à 1,4 Butanediol à Tetrahydrofuran
Propylene + Acetic Acid à Allyl Acetate à Allyl Alcohol
ALKYLATION
Introduction
Alkylation of Benzene and Toluene
Alkylation of Phenols
Higher Alkylphenols
Alkylation of Polynuclear Aromatics
Alkylation of Aromatic Amines
Transalkylation and Disproportionation
Lower Aliphatic Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia (Amination)
AMMONOLYSIS
Phenol + Ammonia à Aniline
Meta-Cresol + Ammonia à Meta-Toludine
Diethylene Glycol + Ammonia à Morpholine
AMMOXIDATION
Propylene à Acrylonitrile
Methane à HCN
Isobutylene à Methacrylonitrile
Aromatic Methyl Compounds à Nitriles
CARBONYLATION
Carboxylation of Olefins to Carboxylic Acids
Carbon Monoxide + Chlorine à Phosgene
DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS
1-Phenylethanol à Styrene
DEHYDROCHLORINATION
C10 - C13 Chlorideà Linear Olefins
DEHYDROGENATION
Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene
Styrene Derivatives from Other Alkyl Aromatics
Dehydrogenation of Lower Alkanes
Alcohols to Aldehydes or Ketones
Three Other Dehydrogenations
EXPOXIDATION
Ethylbenzene à Propylene Oxide + Styrene
HYDRATION
Ethylene à Ethanol
Propylene à Isopropyl Alcohol
N-ButenesàSec-Butanol
Acrylonitrile à Alkylamide
HYDROCHLORINATION
Alkenes
Alcohols
HYDROGENATION
General Background
Hydrogenation of Aromatic Rings
Hydrogenation of Heterocyclic Compounds
Hydrogenation of Aliphatic Unsaturates
Hydrogenation of Nitriles to Amines
Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics
Hydrogenation of Haloaromatics
Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds
Hydrogenation of Resins, Rosins, and Waxes
Selective Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils
Miscellaneous Hydrogenations
HYDROGENOLYSIS
Natural Fatty Acids and Fatty Esters à Fatty Alcohols
Dimethylterephthalate à 1,4 Dimethylolcyclohexane
Toluene à Benzene (Hydroalkylation)
Methyl and Dimethyl Napthalene
ISOMERIZATION
Meta-Xylene à Para and Ortho-Xylene
OXIDATION (INORGANIC)
Sulfur Dioxide à Sulfur Trioxide à Sulfuric Acid
Ammonia à Nitric Oxide à Nitrogen Dioxide à Nitric Acid
Hydfrogen Sulfide à Sulfur
OXIDATION (ORGANICS)
General
Ethylene à Ethylene Oxide
Propene à Acrolein
Propene à Acrolein à Acrylic Acid
Butane or Benzene à Maleic Anhydride
Ortho-Xylene or Naphthalene à Phthalic Anhydride
Anthracene à Anthraquinone
Methanol à Formaldehyde
Isobutylene or Tert-Butyl Alcohol à Methacrolein à Methacrylic Acid
OXYCHLORINATION
Ethylene à 1,2 Dichloroethane à Vinyl Chloride
PETROLEUM REFINING
Catalytic Reforming
Hydroprocessing (General)
Hydrotreating
Hydrocracking
Isomerization
Oligomerization (Polymer Gasoline Production)
Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Oxygenates
SYNTHESIS GAS AND ITS PRODUCTS
Historical Background
Modern Synthesis Gas Production
High and Low Temperature Shift Conversion (CO + H2O à H2 + CO2)
Naphtha Steam Reforming
Methanol Synthesis (Carbon Monoxide + Hydrogen à Methanol)
Pure Carbon Monoxide from Synthesis Gas and Its Uses
Pure Hydrogen from Synthesis Gases and Its Uses
Ammonia Synthesis (Nitrogen + Hydrogen à Ammonia)
Appendix
Biography
Howard F. Rase
