1st Edition
Roofing and Cladding Systems Handbook A Guide for Facility Managers
This manual has been designed specifically to guide the facility manager in making the best decisions regarding roofing systems replacements, repairs and upgrades. The full scope of current roofing applications and building envelope technologies are covered in detail, including both conventional and non-conventional roofing structures. You should learn about the developments in roofing materials and cladding systems, as well as how factors such as weather conditions and thermal expansion and contraction impact roofing design and material selection. Other topics include insulation and waterproofing membrane requirements, energy system calculations, fasteners and flashings, local codes and standards, life cycles of roofing systems, environmental considerations, roofing project management, warranty and maintenance of roofing systems, and roofing safety and liability. This book should provide a welcome resource for the facility manager seeking to modify, add to or improve his/her facility's roofing systems.
The Advisors
Preface
Introduction
Weather Effects on Roofing Systems
WIND—ONE OF THE ROOF’S WORST ENEMIES
Not Only the Wind, but What’s in the Wind Can be a Problem
The Sun and its Energy
Temperature Extremes
Not Only Hot and Cold, but Water Too?
So What’s the Next Step?
LOCAL BUILDING CODES AND STANDARDS
Understanding Your Roofing and Cladding Systems
WHAT KIND OF ROOF DO YOU HAVE?
SIZES AND SHAPES
Building Structural Materials
Steep Roofs vs. Low Slope Roofs
Internal Ceilings
WIND PROBLEMS
Building Shapes, Colors, Texture
COST CONSIDERATIONS
LIFE CYCLES OF ROOFING SYSTEMS
ENVIRNOMENTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
ENVIRNOMENTAL HAZARDS
Material Safety Data Sheets
CLADDING SYSTEMS DESIGNS
SUMMARY
Building Envelope and Roofing Structure
REPLACING YOUR ROOF: WHERE TO START?
Frame and Deck
Accessibility
Building Codes
BUILDING LOADS—Dead Load, Live Load, Environmental Loads, Uplift, Seismic
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS: Winds, Snow
LIVE LOADS: People, Moving Materials, Etc.
Seismic Loads
Ponding
Drainage/Slopes
Placing Roof Drains
General Design Shapes
SUMMARY
Roofing Construction Materials
FRAMING PROBLEMS
MATERIALS
Wood
Metals
Steel
Aluminum
Curved Shapes
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAMES
CONCRETE
CONCLUSION
Insulation and Waterproofing Membranes
GENERAL ROOFING TYPES
THERMAL INSULATION
ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS FOR INSULATION SYSTMES
R-Value
THERMAL DRIFT
THERMAL SHOCK
THERMAL BRIDGE
BOARDS, BATTS, LOOSE PLACED, AND SPRAYED-ON INSULATING MATERIALS
FOAM BOARDS
OTHER INSULATION TYPES
ASBESTOS
FACINGS
WATERPROOFING MEMBRANES
BITUMENS-ASPHALTIC AND COAL TAR CEMENTS
ASPHALT TYPES
Bitumen Properties
Waterproofing
Adhesion
FELTS
Cold Bitumens
Compatibility of Coal Tar and Asphalts
BUILT-UP ROOFING SYSTEMS
MODIFIED BITUMINOUS SYSTEMS
AGGREGATES
CONCLUSION TO BUILT-UP AND MODIFIED BITUMEN ROODS
SINGLE-PLY ROOFING SYSTEMS
Types of Single-Ply Systems
Plastic-like vs. Rubber-like Membranes
Elastomeric Membranes
Thermoplastic or Plastic-like Membranes
Ballast
LIQUID APPLIED SYSTEMS
SPRAYED POLYURETHANE FOAM ROOFS
VOLATILIZATION
METAL ROOFING SYSTEMS
Metals
Case Study
SHINGLES
Application Problems with the Various Roofing Systems
Energy System Calculations
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AND ROOFING SYSTEM CALCULATIONS
ENERGY CALCULATIONS
PREPARING FOR ENERGY ESTIMATES
CALCULATING ENERGY SYSTEM COSTS AND THE VALUE OF INCREASED INSULATION
BASIC TERMS
ENERGY UNITS
Thermal Resistance, k-factor and R-factor
Heating Degree Days for Cities & Towns
TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THERMAL INSULATION RETROFITS
VAPOR RETARDERS AND DEW POINT
HUMIDITY AND DEW POINT
CALCULATING DEW POINT INSIDE A ROOFING MEMBRANE
CALCULATION OF THERMAL EXPANSION IN A ROOFING MATERIAL
Fasteners and Flashings: Holding the Roof on the Roof
INTRODUCTION TO FASTENERS AND FLASHINGS
FLASHING
FASTENERS
Penetrations through the Roofing System Membrane
ROOF LOADS
Penthouse Enclosures
Rooftop-mounted Equipment
Roofing Penetrations
ROOFING EXTRAS/ADDITIONS
GENERAL RULES FOR ALL ROOFING PROJECTIONS
CLADDING PENETRATIONS
CONCLUSION
Roofing Project Management
Conducting a Roofing Survey
EARTHQUAKE EVALUATION
Examining Alternatives
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS OF ROOFING SYSTEMS
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Terminology
CASE STUDY
PLANNING AND EXECUTING A ROOFING PROJECT
CONTRACT PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
Construction Progress
Inspecting of the Work
Other Project Management Considerations
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Conventional and Unconventional Roofing Structures
Warranty and Maintenance of Roofing Systems
MAINTENANCE OF ROOFING SYSTEMS
SPECIAL SURVEYS
Energy Survey
Moisture Survey
Infrared Imaging
Electrical Capacitance
Nuclear
Roof Cuts
LEAK REPAIR
ROOFING REPAIRS
Patch and Repairs of Asphaltic, Coal Tar and Modified Bitumens
Patch and Repairs of Single-ply Membranes
Roofing People
CASE STUDY
Roofing Safety and Liability
Industry Trade Associations
Glossary of Roofing Terminology
Bibliography of Sources
Index
Biography
Robert Reid
