1st Edition

Electrical Impedance Principles, Measurement, and Applications

By Luca Callegaro Copyright 2013
    306 Pages 191 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    306 Pages 191 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Electrical Impedance: Principles, Measurement, and Applications provides a modern and much-needed overview of electrical impedance measurement science and its application in metrology, sensor reading, device and material characterizations. It presents up-to-date coverage of the theory, practical methods, and modeling. The author covers the main impedance measurement techniques, stressing their practical application. The book includes a large set of measurement setup schematics, and diagrams and photos of standards and devices. It also offers an extensive list of references to both historical and recent papers on devices, methods, and traceability issues.

    • Reviews the main definitions of the quantities related to impedance, some theorems of particular interest, the issue of impedance representation, and introduces the problem of impedance definition
    • Lists devices, appliances, circuits, and instruments employed as building blocks of impedance measurement setups
    • Classifies the main impedance measurement methods, including details on their implementation when a specific impedance definition is chosen
    • Discusses the increasing use of mixed-signal electronics in impedance measurement setups
    • Covers applications including details on the measurement of electromagnetic properties of materials
    • Introduces impedance metrology, including artifact impedance standards, and the realization and reproduction of SI impedance units

    Basics
    Two-terminal circuit elements
    Resistors, capacitors, inductors
    Phasors
    Impedance and admittance
    Power and RMS value
    Beyond two-terminal networks
    Impedance and linear response theory
    Impedance as an electromagnetic quantity
    The graphical representation of electrical impedance
    Density quantities
    Frequency ranges

    Impedance definitions
    n-terminal definitions
    n-terminal-pair definitions
    Change of definition
    Cable effects

    Devices and appliances of interest in impedance measurement
    Generators
    Voltage and current measurement
    Voltage and current ratio devices
    Cables and connectors
    Shielding

    Common practice methods
    I-V method
    Two-voltage methods
    Three-voltage method
    Bridges
    Transformer bridges
    Beyond 2T definition of impedance standards
    The LCR meter
    Calibration
    Resonance methods
    Mutual inductance measured as self-inductance
    Network analysis

    Going digital
    Sampling
    Direct digital synthesis
    Digital signal analysis
    Digital impedance bridges
    Sampling impedance meters

    Some applications of impedance measurement
    Measurement of electromagnetic properties of materials
    Sensor reading
    Semiconductor device characterization
    Biological measurements

    Metrology: traceability and uncertainty
    Traceability
    Uncertainty

    Metrology: standards
    Impedance standards
    Inductance standards
    Capacitance standards
    Synthesized impedance standards
    Cryogenic standards
    Standards of phase angle, time constant, etc
    Open and short standards
    High-frequency and microwave standards

    Metrology: realization and reproduction
    The International System of Units
    Realization of impedance units
    Reproduction of the ohm
    Counting electrons
    The future of SI

    Appendices
    SI
    Harmonic electromagnetic fields
    CODATA recommended values
    Reactance Chart
    Nomenclature
    Bibliography
    Index

    Biography

    Callegaro, Luca

    "This book is very well written and provides an excellent source for the engineer or metrologist who needs to make impedance measurements on materials or devices. It provides a good background on all the commonly used methods and contains essential practical methods to ensure accurate measurements. Having all this information in one book is very convenient for the experimentalist. If you perform impedance-based measurements, this book is well worth owning."
    IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, November/December 2013