1st Edition

The Concise New Makers of Modern Culture

Edited By Justin Wintle Copyright 2009
    896 Pages
    by Routledge

    896 Pages
    by Routledge

    A Who's Who of Western culture, from Woody Allen to Emile Zola...

    Containing four hundred essay-style entries, and covering the period from 1850 to the present, The Concise New Makers of Modern Culture includes artists, writers, dramatists, architects, philosophers, anthropologists, scientists, sociologists, major political figures, composers, film-makers and many other culturally significant individuals and is thoroughly international in its purview.

    Next to Karl Marx is Bob Marley, with John Ruskin is Salman Rushdie, alongside Darwin is Luigi Dallapiccola, Deng Xiaoping rubs shoulders with Jacques Derrida as do Julia Kristeva and Kropotkin.

    With its global reach, The Concise New Makers of Modern Culture provides a multi-voiced witness of the contemporary thinking world. The entries carry short bibliographies and there is thorough cross-referencing as well as an index of names and key terms.

    AALTO, Alvar

    ABRAMOVIC, Marina

    ACHEBE, Chinua

    ACTON, Lord

    ADAMS, Douglas

    ADAMS, Henry Brooks

    ADAMS, John Coolidge

    ADLER, Alfred

    ADORNO, Theodor Wiesengrund

    AFGHANI, Jamal Uddeen al-

    ALBEE, Edward

    ALBERS, Josef

    ALCOTT, Louisa May

    ALLEN, Woody

    ALTHUSSER, Louis

    ALTMAN, Robert

    AMIS, (Sir) Kingsley

    AMIS, Martin

    ANDRE, Carl

    ANGELOU, Maya

    ANOUILH, Jean

    ANTHONY, Susan B.

    APOLLINAIRE, Guillaume

    ARAFAT, Yasser

    ARCHIGRAM

    ARENDT, Hannah

    ARMSTRONG, Louis

    ARNOLD, Eve

    ARNOLD, Matthew

    ARON, Raymond

    ARP, Jean (Hans)

    ARTAUD, Antonin

    ASHBERY, John

    ASHBY, William Ross

    ASIMOV, Isaac

    ATATURK (Mustafa KEMAL)

    ATTENBOROUGH, (Sir) David

    AUDEN, W. H.

    AUNG SAN SUU KYI

    AUSTIN, J. L.

    AYER, (Sir) Alfred

    BABBAGE, Charles

    BABBITT, Milton

    BACHELARD, Gaston

    BACON, Francis

    BADIOU, Alain

    BAGEHOT, Walter

    BAIRD, John Logie

    BAKHTIN, Mikhail

    BAKST, Le´on

    BAKUNIN, Mikhail

    BALAKIREV, M. A.

    BALDWIN, James Arthur

    BALLARD, James Graham

    BALTHUS, (Count) Balthazar

    BANHAM, Reyner

    BARBER, Samuel

    BARNUM, Phineas

    BARRES, Auguste-Maurice

    BARTH, John

    BARTH, Karl

    BARTHES, Roland

    BARTOK, Be´la

    BAUDELAIRE, Charles

    BAUSCH, Pina

    BEARDSLEY, Aubrey

    BEATLES, The

    BEATON, (Sir) Cecil

    BEAUVOIR, Simone de

    BECK, Ulrich

    BECKETT, Samuel

    BECKMANN, Max

    BEETON, Samuel and Isabella

    BELL, Alexander Graham

    BELLOW, Saul

    BENENSON, Peter

    BENJAMIN, Walter

    BENNETT, Alan

    BERG, Alban

    BERGMAN, Ingmar

    BERGSON, Henri

    BERIO, Luciano

    BERKELEY, Busby

    BERLIN, Irving

    BERLIN, (Sir) Isaiah

    BERLIOZ, Hector

    BERNERS-LEE, (Sir) Timothy

    BERNSTEIN, Leonard

    BERRYMAN, John

    BETJEMAN, (Sir) John

    BEUYS, Joseph

    BEVERIDGE, William (Lord)

    BIERCE, Ambrose

    BIN LADEN, Osama

    BINFORD, Lewis

    BIRTWISTLE, (Sir) Harrison

    BISHOP, Elizabeth

    BISMARCK, Otto von

    BIZET, Georges

    BOAL, Augusto

    BOAS, Franz

    BOCKLIN, Arnold

    BOHR, Niels

    BÖ LL, Heinrich

    BOLTZMANN, Ludwig

    BONHOEFFER, Dietrich

    BONNARD, Pierre

    BOOLE, George

    BOOTH, William

    BORGES, Jorge Luis

    BORODIN, Alexander

    BOULEZ, Pierre

    BOURDIEU, Pierre

    BOURGEOIS, Louise

    BOURKE-WHITE, Margaret

    BRADBURY, Raymond

    BRAHMS, Johannes

    BRAKHAGE, Stan

    BRANCUSI, Constantin

    BRAQUE, Georges

    BRAUDEL, Fernand

    BRECHT, Bertolt

    BRENTON, Howard

    BRESSON, Robert

    BRETON, Andre´

    BRITTEN, Benjamin (Lord)

    BROWN, Ford Madox

    BROWNING, Robert

    BRUCKNER, Anton

    BRUNEL, Isambard Kingdom

    BUBER, Martin

    BUKHARIN, Nikolay

    BULTMANN, Rudolf

    BUNTLINE, Ned

    BUN˜ UEL, Luis

    BURCKHARDT, Jacob

    BURGESS, Anthony

    BURNE-JONES, (Sir) Edward

    BURROUGHS, William S.

    BURTON, (Sir) Richard

    BUSONI, Ferruccio

    BUTLER, Samuel

    BYATT, A. S.

    CAGE, John

    CALDER, Alexander

    CAMUS, Albert

    CANTOR, Georg

    CAPA, Robert

    C. APEK, Karel

    CAPOTE, Truman

    CARNAP, Rudolf

    CARNEGIE, Andrew

    CARROLL, Lewis

    CARSON, Rachel

    CARTER, Elliott

    CARTIER-BRESSON, Henri

    CARVER, George Washington

    CARVER, Raymond

    CASSAVETES, John

    CASSIRER, Ernst

    CASTRO, Fidel

    CAVAFY, Constantine

    CAVELL, Stanley

    CELAN, Paul

    CEZANNE, Paul

    CHAGALL, Marc

    CHANDLER, Raymond

    CHANEL, Gabrielle (‘Coco’)

    CHAPLIN, Charles

    CHATWIN, Bruce

    CHEEVER, John

    CHEKHOV, Anton

    CHESTERTON, G. K.

    CHILDE, Vere Gordon

    CHIRICO, Giorgio de

    CHOMSKY, Noam

    CHOPIN, Kate

    CHRISTIE, Agatha

    CHRISTO with JEANNE-CLAUDE

    CHURCHILL, (Sir) Winston

    CIORAN, Emil Mihai

    CLAUSIUS, Rudolf

    CLEAVER, Larry Eldridge

    COCTEAU, Jean

    COETZEE, J. M,

    COLLINS, Wilkie

    COMPTON-BURNETT, (Dame) Ivy

    CONRAD, Joseph

    COPLAND, Aaron

    COPPOLA, Francis Ford

    COURBET, Gustave

    COWARD, (Sir) Noe¨l

    CRANE, Hart

    CRANE, Stephen

    CRICK, Francis

    CROCE, Benedetto

    CUKOR, George

    CUMMINGS, E. E.

    CUNNINGHAM, Merce

    CURIE, Marie

    DALI, Salvador

    DALLAPICCOLA, Luigi

    D’ANNUNZIO, Gabriele

    DARWIN, Charles

    DAUMIER, Honore´-Victorin

    DAVIDSON, Donald

    DAVIES, (Sir) Peter Maxwell

    DAVIS, Miles

    DAWKINS, Richard

    DE GAULLE, Charles

    DE KOONING, William

    DEBORD, Guy

    DEBUSSY, Claude

    DEDEKIND, Richard

    DEGAS, Edgar

    DELEUZE, Gilles

    DeLILLO, Don

    DELIUS, Frederick

    DeMILLE, Cecil B.

    DEMUTH, Charles

    DENG XIAOPING

    DERRIDA, Jacques

    DEWEY, John

    DIAGHILEV, Serge

    DICKENS, Charles

    DICKINSON, Emily

    DIDION, Joan

    DILTHEY, Wilhelm

    DISNEY, Walt

    DISRAELI, Benjamin

     

    DOCTOROW, Ed

    DOS PASSOS, John Rodrigo

    DOSTOEVSKY, Fyodor

    DOUGHTY, Charles

    DOUGLASS, Frederick

    DOYLE, (Sir) Arthur Conan

    DREISER, Theodore

    DREYER, Carl

    DUBUFFET, Jean-Philippe-Arthur

    DUCHAMP, Marcel

    DUHEM, Pierre-Marie-Maurice

    DURKHEIM, Emile

    DURRELL, Lawrence

    DUTILLEUX, Henri

    DVOR. AK, Antonin

    DWORKIN, Andrea

    DYLAN, Bob

    EAKINS, Thomas

    EAMES, Charles

    EASTMAN, George

    ECA DE QUEIROZ, Jos´e Maria

    EDDY, Mary Baker

    EDISON, Thomas Alva

    EIFFEL, Gustave

    EINSTEIN, Albert

    EISENSTEIN, Sergei

    ELGAR, (Sir) Edward

    ELIADE, Mircea

    ELIAS, Norbert

    ELIOT, George

    ELIOT, T. S.

    ELLINGTON, Duke

    EMERSON, Ralph Waldo

    ENDO SHUSAKU

    ENGELS, Friedrich

    EPSTEIN, (Sir) Jacob

    ERNST, Max

    EVANS, (Sir) Arthur

    EVANS, (Sir) John

    EVANS-PRITCHARD, (Sir) Edward

    EYSENCK, Hans

    FASSBINDER, Rainer Werner

    FAULKNER, William

    FAURE, Gabriel

    FAWCETT, (Dame) Millicent

    FELLINI, Federico

    FERMI, Enrico

    FEUERBACH, Ludwig

    FEYDEAU, Georges

    FIRBANK, Ronald

    FITZGERALD, F. Scott

    FLAHERTY, Robert

    FLAUBERT, Gustave

    FLEMING, (Sir) Alexander and FLOREY,

    Howard (Lord)

    FLEMING, Ian

    FO, Dario

    FORD, Henry

    FORD, John

    FORSTER, E. M.

    FOSTER, Norman (Lord)

    FOSTER, Stephen

    FOUCAULT, Michel

    FOWLES, John

    FRANCK, Ce´sar

    FRANCO, Francisco

    FRAZER, (Sir) James George

    FREGE, Friedrich

    FREUD, Lucian

    FREUD, Sigmund

    FRIEDAN, Betty

    FRIEDMAN, Milton

    FRINK, Elisabeth

    FROMM, Erich

    FROST, Robert

    FUENTES, Carlos

    FUGARD, Athol

    FUKUZAWA YUKICHI

    FULLER, Buckminster

    GABO, Naum

    GADAFFI, Muammar al-

    GADAMER, Hans-Georg

    GALBRAITH, J. K.

    GALLO, Robert C. and MONTAGNIER, Luc B.

    GALLUP, George

    GALTON, (Sir) Francis

    GANCE, Abel

    GANDHI, Mahatma

    GAO XINGJIAN

    GARCIA MARQUEZ, Gabriel

    GARIBALDI, Giuseppe

    GASKELL, Elizabeth

    GATES, Bill

    GAUDI, Antoni

    GAUDIER-BRZESKA, Henri

    GAUGUIN, Paul

    GEERTZ, Clifford

    GEHRY, Frank

    GELLNER, Ernest

    GENET, Jean

    GERSHWIN, George

    GIACOMETTI, Alberto

    GIDE, Andre´

    GILBERT & GEORGE

    GILBERT, (Sir) William

    GINSBERG, Allen

    GLADSTONE, (Sir) W. E.

    GLASS, Philip

    GOBINEAU, Arthur de

    GODARD, Jean-Luc

    GODEL, Kurt

    GOEHR, Alexander

    GOLDING, (Sir) William

    GONCOURT, Edmond and Jules de

    GOODMAN, Paul

    GORBACHEV, Mikhail

    GORECKI, Henryk

    GORKY, Maxim

    GOSSE, (Sir) Edmund

    GOSSE, Philip Henry

    GOULD, Stephen Jay

    GOUNOD, Charles

    GRAHAM, Martha

    GRAMSCI, Antonio

    GRASS, Gu¨nter

    GREEN, Henry

    GREENE, Graham

    GREER, Germaine

    GRIEG, Edvard

    GRIFFITH, D. W.

    GROPIUS, Walter

    GUEVARA, Che

    GUNN, Thom

    GUTTIEREZ, Gustavo

    GYATSO TENZIN, 14th Dalai Lama

    HABERMAS, Ju¨rgen

    HAGGARD, Rider

    HAMMERSTEIN, Oscar

    HAMSUN, Knut

    HANDKE, Peter

    HARDY, Thomas

    HARNACK, Adolf von

    HARRIS, Joel Chandler

    HARTE, Bret

    HAS. EK, Jaroslav

    HAVEL, Va´clav

    HAWKING, Stephen

    HAWKS, Howard

    HAWTHORNE, Nathaniel

    HEANEY, Seamus

    HEIDEGGER, Martin

    HEISENBERG, Werner

    HELLER, Joseph

    HELMHOLTZ, Hermann

    HEMINGWAY, Ernest

    HENDRIX, Jimi

    HENZE, Hans Werner

    HEPWORTH, (Dame) Barbara

    HERTZ, Heinrich

    HERZEN, Alexandr

    HERZL, Theodor

    HERZOG, Werner

    HESSE, Hermann

    HEYERDAHL, Thor

    HINDEMITH, Paul

    HIRST, Damien

    HITCHCOCK, Alfred

    HITLER, Adolf

    HO CHI MINH

    HOCKNEY, David

    HODDER, Ian

    HOFSTEDE, Geert

    HOGGART, Richard

    HOLABIRD, William and ROCHE, Martin

    HOLMES, Oliver Wendell

    HOLROYD, Michael

    HOLST, Gustav

    HOMER, Winslow

    HOPKINS, Gerard Manley

    HOPPER, Edward

    HORKHEIMER, Max

    HOUSMAN, A. E.

    HOWELLS, William Dean

    HUGHES, Ted

    HUGO, Victor

    HUIZINGA, Johan

    HUNT, William

    HUSSERL, Edmund

    HUNTINGTON, Samuel

    HUXLEY, Aldous

    HUXLEY, T.H.

    HUYSMANS, Joris-Karl

    IBSEN, Henrik

    ILLICH, Ivan

    IONESCO, Euge` ne

    IQBAL, (Sir) Muhammad

    IVES, Charles

    JAKOBSON, Roman

    JAMES, Henry

    JAMES, William

    JANA ´ C. EK, Leos

    JARMAN, Derek

    JARRY, Alfred

    JASPERS, Karl

    JEVONS, William Stanley

    JOBS, Steven

    JOHN XXIII

    JOHN PAUL II

    JOHNS, Jasper

    JONES, LeRoi

    JOULE, James Prescott

    JOUVENEL DES URSINS, Bertrand de

    JOWETT, Benjamin

    JOYCE, James

    JUDD, Donald

    JUNG, C. G.

    JU ¨ NGER, Ernst

    KAFKA, Franz

    KAHN, Louis

    KANDINSKY, Wassily

    KANG YOUWEI

    KAWABATA YASUNARI

    KEATON, ‘Buster’

    KELLER, Hans

    KELVIN, Lord

    KENNEDY, J.F.

    KERN, Jerome

    KEROUAC, Jack

    KESEY, Ken

    KEYNES, John Maynard

    KHOMEINI, Ruhollah Musavi

    KIEFER, Anselm

    KIESLOWSKI, Krzysztof

    KING, Martin Luther, Jr

    KING, Stephen

    KIPLING, Rudyard

    KIRCHNER, Ernst

    KITAJ, Ronald Brooks

    KLEE, Paul

    KLEIN, Melanie

    KLEIN, Yves

    KLIMT, Gustav

    KOCH, Heinrich

    KODA ´ LY, Zolta´ n

    KOESTLER, Arthur

    KOHL, Helmut

    KOKOSCHKA, Oscar

    KOONING, Willem de

    KOONS, Jeff

    KRAUS, Karl

    KRIPKE, Saul

    KRISHNAMURTI, Jiddu

    KRISTEVA, Julia

    KROPOTKIN, Petr

    KUBRICK, Stanley

    KUHN, Thomas S.

    KUNDERA, Milan

    KUNG, Hans

    KUROSAWA AKIRA

    KURTAG, Gyo¨rgy

    LACAN, Jacques

    LAFORGUE, Jules

    LAING, R. D.

    LAMPEDUSA, Giuseppe di

    LANG, Fritz

    LARKIN, Philip

    LARTET, Edouard

    LAUTREAMONT, Comte de

    LAWRENCE, D.H.

    LE CARRE, John

    LE CORBUSIER

    LE FANU, Sheridan

    LEACH, (Sir) Edmund

    LEAN, (Sir) David

    LEAR, Edward

    LEARY, Timothy

    LEAVIS, F.R.

    LEGER, Fernand

    LEMKIN, Raphae¨l

    LENIN, Vladimir Ilyich

    LEO XIII

    LEVI, Primo

    LEVI-STRAUSS, Claude

    LEVINAS, Emmanuel

    LEWIS, Sinclair

    LEWIS, Saunders

    LEWIS, Wyndham

    LIBBY, Willard Frank

    LICHTENSTEIN, Roy

    LIGETI, Gyo¨rgy

    LIN, Maya Ying

    LINCOLN, Abraham

    LISTER, Joseph

    LISZT, Ferencz

    LIVINGSTONE, David

    LODGE, David

    LONDON, Jack

    LONGFELLOW, Henry Wadsworth

    LORCA, Federico Garci´a

    LORENTZ, H.A.

    LORENZ, Konrad

    LOSEY, Joseph

    LOVELOCK, James

    LOWELL, Amy

    LOWELL, James Russell

    LOWELL, Robert

    LOWRY, L.S.

    LU XUN

    LUHMANN, Niklas

    LUKACS, Georg

    LUTOS L-AWSKI, Witold

    LYOTARD, Jean Franc¸ois

     

    MacDIARMID, Hugh

    MACH, Ernst

    MACHADO DE ASSIS, Joaquim Maria

    MacINTYRE, Alasdair

    MACKINTOSH, Charles Rennie

    MacNEICE, Louis

    MAETERLINCK, Mauritius Polydorus Maria

    Bernardus

    MAGRITTE, Rene´

    MAHLER, Gustav

    MAILER, Norman

    MALCOLM X

    MALEVICH, Kazimir

    MALINOWSKI, Bronislaw

    MALLARME, Ste´phane

    MALRAUX, Andre´

    MANDELA, Nelson

    MANDELSTAM, Osip

    MANET, Edouard

    MANN, Jonathan

    MANN, Heinrich

    MANN, Thomas

    MANNHEIM, Karl

    MANSFIELD, Katherine

    MAO ZEDONG

    MAPPLETHORPE, Robert

    MARC, Franz

    MARCEAU, Marcel

    MARCONI, Guglielmo

    MARCUSE, Herbert

    MARINETTI, Filippo

    MARLEY, Bob

    MARX, Karl

    MATISSE, Henri

    MATURANA, Humberto R.

    MAUDIDI, Mawlana Abul Ala

    MAUPASSANT, Guy de

    MAUSS, Marcel

    MAXWELL, James Clerk

    McCARTHY, Mary

    McEWAN, Ian

    McLUHAN, Marshall

    MEAD, Margaret

    MEDAWAR, (Sir) Peter

    MELVILLE, Herman

    MENDEL, Gregor

    MENDELEYEV, Dmitry

    MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice

    MESSIAEN, Olivier

    MIES VAN DER ROHE, Ludwig

    MILL, John Stuart

    MILLER, Arthur

    MILLER, Henry

    MILLET, Jean Franc¸ois

    MILLETT, Kate

    MIRO, Jo´an

    MISHIMA YUKIO

    MIZOGUCHI KENJI

    MODIGLIANI, Amadeo

    MOMMSEN, Theodor

    MONDRIAN, Piet

    MONET, Claude

    MONNET, Omer Marie Gabriel Jean

    MONTY PYTHON

    MOORE, G..E.

    MOORE, (Sir) Henry

    MOORE, Marianne Craig

    MOREAU, Gustave

    MORGAN, Lewis H.

    MORRIS, Robert

    MORRIS, William

    MORRISON, Toni

    MOSCA, Gaetano

    MUHAMMAD, Elijah

    MUNCH, Edvard

    MURRAY, (Sir) James

    MUSIL, Robert

    MUSSOLINI, Benito

    MUSSORGSKY, Modest

    NABOKOV, Vladimir

    NADER, Ralph

    NAGEL, Ernest

    NAIPAUL, V.S.

    NASSER, Gamal Abdel

    NEEDHAM, Joseph

    NERUDA, Pablo

    NEWMAN, John Henry

    NICHOLSON, Ben

    NIEBUHR, Reinhold

    NIEMEYER, Oscar

    NIETZSCHE, Friedrich

    NIGHTINGALE, Florence

    NOBEL, Alfred

    NOLAN, (Sir) Sidney

    NOLDE, Emil

    NOZICK, Robert

    NUSSBAUM, Martha

    OATES, Joyce Carol

    O’CASEY, Sean

    ODETS, Clifford

    OE KENZABURO

    OFFENBACH, Jacques

    OLDENBURG, Claes

    OMAR, Muhammad

    O’NEILL, Eugene

    ONO, Yoko

    OPHU¨ LS, Max

    OPPENHEIMER, J. Robert

    PEI, Ieoh Ming

    ORTEGA y GASSET, Jose´

    ORTON, Joe

    ORWELL, George

    OWEN, Wilfred

    OZ, Amos

    OZU YASUJIRO

    PALMER, Samuel

    PAOLOZZI, (Sir) Eduardo

    PARETO, Vilfredo

    PARKER, Charles

    PARKMAN, Francis

    PARSONS, Talcott

    PASK, Gordon

    PASOLINI, Pier Paolo

    PASTERNAK, Boris

    PASTEUR, Louis

    PATER, Walter

    PAVLOV, Ivan Petrovich

    PAZ, Octavio

    PEAKE, Mervyn

    PEIRCE, C. S.

    PENDERECKI, Krzysztof

    PE ´ REZ GALDO ´ S, Benito

    PETRIE, Flinders

    PIAGET, Jean

    PICASSO, Pablo

    PINTER, Harold

    PIRANDELLO, Luigi

    PISSARRO, Camille

    PITT RIVERS, Augustus Lane Fox

    PLANCK, Max

    PLATH, Sylvia

    POINCARE ´ , Henri

    POIRET, Paul

    POL POT

    POLANSKI, Roman

    POLLOCK, Jackson

    POPPER, (Sir) Karl

    PORTER, Cole

    POULENC, Francis

    POUND, Ezra

    POWELL, Anthony

    PRESLEY, Elvis

    PRICE, Cedric

    PROKOFIEV, Sergei

    PROUDHON, Pierre-Joseph

    PROUST, Marcel

    PUCCINI, Giacomo

    PUDOVKIN, Vsevolod

    PUTNAM, Hilary

    PUVIS DE CHAVANNES, Pierre

    PYNCHON, Thomas

    QUENEAU, Raymond

    QUINE, Willard

    QUTB, Sayyid Muhammad

    RACHMANINOV, Sergei

    RADCLIFFE-BROWN, A.R.

    RAHNER, Karl

    RAUSCHENBERG, Robert

    RAVEL, Maurice

    RAWLS, John

    RAY, Man

    RAY, Satyajit

    REDON, Odilon

    REICH, Steve

    REICH, Wilhelm

    REINHARDT, Ad

    REINHARDT, Max

    RENAN, Joseph-Ernest

    RENOIR, Jean

    RENOIR, Pierre-Auguste

    RESNAIS, Alain

    REUTER, Paul Julius von

    RICHARDSON, Henry Hobson

    RIEFENSTAHL, Leni

    RIEFF, Philip

    RIEMANN, Georg Friedrich Bernhard

    RILEY, Bridget

    RILKE, Rainer Maria

    RIMBAUD, Arthur

    RIMSKY-KORSAKOV, Nikolay

    RIOPELLE, Jean-Paul

    RIVERA, Diego

    RIVERS, W. H. R.

    ROBBE-GRILLET, Alain

    ROCKWELL, Norman

    RODGERS, Richard

    RODIN, Franc¸ois-Auguste-Rene´

    ROETHKE, Theodore

    ROGERS, Carl

    ROGERS, Richard

    ROHMER, Eric

    ROLFE, Frederick (Baron CORVO)

    ROLLING STONES, The

    ROOSEVELT, Franklin D.

    ROSSETTI, Christina

    ROSSETTI, Dante Gabriel

    ROSTAND, Edmond

    ROTH, Philip

    ROTHKO, Mark

    ROUAULT, Georges

    ROUSSEAU, Henri

    RUSHDIE, Salman

    RUSKIN, John

    RUSSELL, Bertrand

    RUSTIN, Bayard

    RUTHERFORD, Ernest

    RYLE, Gilbert

    SAID, Edward

    SAIGO TAKAMORI

    SAINT-SAENS, Charles Camille

    SALINGER, J.D.

    SANDBURG, Carl

    SANTAYANA, George

    SAPIR, Edward

    SARDOU, Victorien

    SARGENT, John Singer

    SARRAUTE, Nathalie

    SARTRE, Jean-Paul

    SATIE, Erik

    SAUSSURE, Ferdinand de

    SCHENKER, Heinrich

    SCHLICK, Moritz

    SCHLIEMANN, Heinrich

    SCHNITTKE, Alfred

    SCHOENBERG, Arnold

    SCHRODINGER, Erwin

    SCORSESE, Martin

    SCOTT, Gilbert

    SCOTT, Ridley

    SCRIABIN, Aleksandr

    SEARLE, John

    SEBALD, Winfried Georg

    SEN, Amartya

    SENGHOR, Le´opold Se´dar

    SEURAT, Georges

    SHAH, Idries

    SHAW, George Bernard

    SHAW, Norman

    SHOLOKHOV, Mikhail

    SHOSTAKOVICH, Dmitri

    SIBELIUS, Jean

    SICKERT, Walter

    SIMMEL, Georg

    SINGER, Isaac Bashevis

    SIRK, Douglas

    SISLEY, Alfred

    SKINNER, B. F.

    SMETANA, Bedich

    SMITH, David

    SMITH, William Robertson

    SOLZHENITSYN, Aleksandr

    SONDHEIM, Stephen

    SOREL, Georges

    SOUTINE, Chaim

    SOYINKA, Wole

    SPENCER, Herbert

    SPENCER, (Sir) Stanley

    SPENGLER, Oswald

    SPIELBERG, Steven

    SPOCK, Benjamin

    STALIN, Joseph

    STANISLAVSKY, Konstantin

    STANLEY, Henry Morton

    STANTON, Elizabeth Cady

    STEIN, Gertrude

    STEINBECK, John

    STELLA, Frank

    STEVENS, Wallace

    STEVENSON, Robert Louis

    STOCKHAUSEN, Karlheinz

    STOPES, Marie

    STOPPARD, (Sir) Tom

    STOWE, Harriet Beecher

    STRACHEY, Lytton

    STRAUSS, David Friedrich

    STRAUSS, Johann

    STRAUSS, Leo

    STRAUSS, Richard

    STRAVINSKY, Igor

    STRAWSON, Peter

    STRINDBERG, August

    SUKARNO, Ahmed

    SULLIVAN, (Sir) Arthur

    SULLIVAN, Louis Henry

    SULSTON, (Sir) John

    SUZUKI DAISETSU TEITARO

    SWINBURNE, Algernon Charles

    SYNGE, J. M.

    SZASZ, Thomas Stephen

    SZYMANOWSKI, Karol

    TAGORE, Rabindranath

    TAINE, Hippolyte-

    TAKEMITSU TORU

    TANGE KENZO

    TANIZAKI JUNICHIRO

    TAPIES, Antoni

    TARKOVSKY, Andrei

    TARSKI, Alfred

    TAWNEY, R. H.

    TCHAIKOVSKY, Petr

    TENNYSON, Alfred (Lord)

    THATCHER, Margaret

    THESIGER, Wilfred

    THOM, Rene´

    THOMAS, Dylan

    THOMAS, Philip Edward

    THOMAS, R. S.

    HOREAU, Henry David

    TILLICH, Paul

    TINBERGEN, Nikolaas

    TINGUELY, Jean

    TIPPETT, (Sir) Michael

    TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de

    TOLKIEN, J. R. R.

    TOLSTOY, Lev

    TOULOUSE-LAUTREC, Henri de

    TOYNBEE, Arnold

    TROLLOPE, Anthony

    TROTSKY, Leon

    TRUFFAUT, Franc¸ois

    TURGENEV, Ivan

    TURING, Alan

    TURNER, Frederick Jackson

    TWAIN, Mark

    TYLOR, (Sir) Edward Burnett

    TZARA, Tristan

    UNAMUNO, Miguel de

    UPDIKE, John

    UTRILLO, Maurice

    VALERY, Paul

    VAN DER POST, Laurens

    VAN GOGH, Vincent

    VARESE, Edgar

    VARGAS LLOSA, Mario

    VAUGHAN WILLIAMS, Ralph

    VEBLEN, Thorstein

    VELDE, Henri van de

    VERDI, Giuseppe

    VERGA, Giovanni

    VERLAINE, Paul

    VERNE, Jules

    VERTOV, Dziga

    VICTORIA and ALBERT

    VIDAL, Gore

    VIOLA, Bill

    VIOLLET-LE-DUC, Euge`ne

    VISCONTI, Luchino

    VON FOERSTER, Heinz

    VON NEUMANN, John

    VON STERNBERG, Josef

    VONNEGUT, Kurt, Jr

    WAGNER, Richard

    WAJDA, Andrzej

    WALCOTT, Derek

    WEBER, Max

    WEBERN, Anton von

    WEDEKIND, Frank

    WEIL, Simone

    WEILL, Kurt

    WEIZMANN, Chaim

    WELLES, Orson

    WELLS, H. G.

    WHARTON, Edith

    WHISTLER, James Abbot McNeill

    WA L-E. SA, Lech

    WHITE, Patrick

    WALEY, Arthur

    WALLACE, Alfred

    WARD, Mrs Humphry

    WARHOL, Andy

    WASHINGTON, Booker T.

    WATSON, James Dewey

    WATSON, John Broadus

    WAUGH, Evelyn

    WEBB, Beatrice and Sidney

    WHITEHEAD, Alfred North

    WHITMAN, Walt

    WIENER, Norbert

    WILDE, Oscar

    WILLIAMS, Bernard

    WILLIAMS, Raymond

    WILLIAMS, Tennessee

    WILLIAMS, William Carlos

    WILSON, Edmund

    WINNICOTT, Donald

    WISTER, Owen

    WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig

    WODEHOUSE, P. G.

    WOLF, Hugo

    WOLFE, Tom

    WOOLF, Virginia

    WOOLF, Leonard

    WRIGHT, Frank Lloyd

    WRIGHT, Richard

    WUNDT, Wilhelm

    WYETH, Andrew

    YEANG, Ken

    YEATS, Jack

    YEATS, William Butler

    YEVTUSHENKO, Yevgeny

    YOSHIHARA JIRO

    ZAMYATIN, Yevgeniy

    ZAWAHIRI, Ayman

    ZOLA, Emile

    ZWEIG, Stefan

    Biography

    Justin Wintle is a freelance author, editor and journalist who has contributed to a wide variety of media outlets. He is editor of the original Makers of Culture, Makers of Modern Culture and Makers of Nineteenth Century Culture and the updated New Makers of Modern Culture.