1st Edition

Biomaterials A Basic Introduction

By Qizhi Chen, George Thouas Copyright 2015
    736 Pages
    by CRC Press

    736 Pages 493 Color Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Explores Biomedical Science from a Unique Perspective

    Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction is a definitive resource for students entering biomedical or bioengineering disciplines. This text offers a detailed exploration of engineering and materials science, and examines the boundary and relationship between the two. Based on the author’s course lecture notes and many years of research, it presents students with the knowledge needed to select and design biomaterials used in medical devices. Placing special emphasis on metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite biomaterials, it explains the difference between materials science and materials engineering, introduces basic concepts and principles, and analyzes the critically important properties of biomaterials.

    Explains Complex Theories Using Aspects of Daily Life

    This text provides an appropriate balance between depth and broadness of coverage, and offers an understanding of the most important concepts and principles to students from a wide academic spectrum. It delivers the science of biomaterials in laymen terms, from a material standpoint, as well as a clinical applications point of view. It equips students majoring in materials science/engineering with knowledge on the fundamentals of how biomaterials behave at a biological level, and provides students majoring in medicine with information that is generally unavailable in traditional medical courses. The authors incorporate learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter, as well as chapter highlights, problems, and exercises at the end of each chapter. In addition, they present objectives, suggested activities, and reference material for further reading.

    • Contains an overview of medical science vis-à-vis materials science, describes anatomy, histology, and cell biology
    • Highlights health issues and diseases where biomaterials can easily find medical applications
    • Presents knowledge of the relationship between the biomaterials and the living body
    • Evaluates medical devices and looks into their respective regulations

    Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction contains an overview of basic biomaterials and concepts, and is written for upper-division students in the US/Canada, and second-level students in universities worldwide.

    Part I

    Biomaterials Science

    Biomaterials Science and Engineering

    Learning Objectives

    Materials Science and Engineering

    Multilevels of Structure and Categorization of Materials

    Four Categories of Materials

    Definitions of Biomaterials, Biomedical Materials, and Biological Materials

    Biocompatibility

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Toxicity and Corrosion

    Learning Objectives

    Elements in the Body

    Biological Roles and Toxicities of Trace Elements

    Selection of Metallic Elements in Medical-Grade Alloys

    Corrosion of Metals

    Environment inside the Body

    Minimization of Toxicity of Metal Implants

    Chapter Highlights

    Laboratory Practice 1

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Advanced Topic: Biological Roles of Alloying Elements

    Bibliography

    Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials

    Learning Objectives

    Role of Implant Biomaterials

    Mechanical Properties of General Importance

    Hardness

    Elasticity: Resilience and Strechability

    Mechanical Properties Terms Used in the Medical Community

    Failure

    Essential Mechanical Properties of Orthopedic Implant Biomaterials

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Metallic Biomaterials in Orthopedic Implants

    Learning Objectives

    Development of Metallic Biomaterials

    Stainless Steels

    Cobalt-Based Alloys

    Titanium Alloys

    Comparison of Stainless Steels, Cobalt, and Titanium Alloys

    Summary and Remarks

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Metallic Biomaterials: Miscellaneous Others

    Learning Objectives

    Dental Materials

    NiTi Shape-Memory Alloys

    Other Clinically Applied Metallic Materials

    New Metallic Materials: Magnesium Alloys

    Chapter Highlights

    Laboratory Practice 2

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Bioinert Ceramics

    Learning Objectives

    Overview of Bioceramics

    Inert Bioceramics: Al2O3

    Inert Bioceramics: ZrO2

    Two Types of Joints

    Summary and Remarks on Al2O3 and ZrO2

    Dental Ceramics

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Advanced Topic: Total Joint Replacement

    Bibliography

    Bioactive and Bioresorbable Ceramics

    Learning Objectives

    Overview of Surface Bioactive and Bulk Degradable Ceramics

    Calcium Phosphates and Hydroxyapatite

    Bioactive Glasses

    Bioactive Glass-Ceramics

    Bone-Bonding Mechanisms

    Biodegradable Ceramics

    Chapter Highlights

    Laboratory Practice 3

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Advanced Topic: Bioceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

    Bibliography

    Polymeric Biomaterials: Fundamentals

    Learning Objectives

    Basic Concepts on Polymers

    Overview of Polymeric Biomaterials

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Advanced Topic: Polymers and Polymer Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Engineering

    Bibliography

    Bioinert Polymers

    Learning Objectives

    Polyolefin

    Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

    Acrylate Polymer

    Fluorocarbon Polymers

    Silicone

    Polyurethane

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Advanced Topic: Properties and Applications of Polyurethane as Biomaterials

    Bibliography

    Bioresorbable Polymers

    Learning Objectives

    Biodegradation of Polymers

    Polyesters: PGA, PLA, and PCL

    Polyesters: PHA

    Elastomeric Polyester: Poly(Polyol Sebacate)

    Polyether: Poly(Ethylene Glycol)

    Polyamide

    Surface-Erodible Polymers

    Biological Polymers

    Chapter Highlights

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Laboratory Practice 4

    Advanced Topic: Natural Polymers: Resilin, Silk, and Gluten

    Bibliography

    Composite Biomaterials

    Learning Objectives

    Overview of Composites

    Natural Composites: Bone

    Dental Composites

    Artificial Bone

    Chapter Highlights

    Laboratory Practice 5

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Advanced Topic: Development of Artificial Bone: Composites and Scaffolds

    Bibliography

    Part II

    Medical Science

    Medicine and Medical Science

    Learning Objectives

    Medicine and Medical Science

    Medical Science versus Materials Science

    Learning Goals of Part II

    Chapter Highlights

    Activity

    Bibliography

    Image Links

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Human Anatomy And Diseases I: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, and Endocrine Systems

    Learning Objectives

    Integumentary System

    Skeletal System

    Muscular System

    Nervous System

    Endocrine System

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Advanced Topic: Biomaterial Challenges in Bone Tissue Engineering

    Bibliography

    Human Anatomy And Diseases II: Cardiovascular System

    Learning Objectives

    Anatomy and Functions of the Cardiovascular System

    Cardiovascular Disease

    Cardiac Performance: P–V Loop

    Current Therapies for Heart Disease

    Alternative Treatments and Application of Biomaterials

    Artificial Blood Vessels

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Human Anatomy And Diseases III: Respiratory, Lymphatic, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems

    Learning Objectives

    Respiratory System

    Lymphatic System

    Digestive System

    Urinary System

    Reproductive System

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Cells and Biomolecules

    Learning Objectives

    Introduction

    Cell Biochemistry and Biosynthesis

    Cell Structure

    Transport across Plasma Membranes

    Cell Proliferation

    Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Advanced Topic: Cell Therapy to Treat Cardiac Disease

    Strategies to Address Immune Rejection in Cells

    Summary of Cell-Based Therapies and Their Limitations

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Histology and Tissue Properties I: Epithelial, Neuronal, and Muscle Tissue

    Learning Objectives

    Introduction

    Epithelium

    Muscular Tissue

    Nervous Tissue

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Advanced Topic: Properties of Proteins in Mammalian Tissues

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Histology and Tissue Properties II: Connective Tissues

    Learning Objectives

    Overview of Connective Tissues

    Types of Connective Tissue

    Connective Tissue Proper (Skin, Tendon, Ligament)

    Mechanical Properties of Structural Proteins

    Cartilage

    Bone

    Chapter Highlights

    Laboratory Practice 6

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Immune System and Body Responses to Biomaterials

    Learning Objectives

    Immune System

    Tissue Response to Injuries

    Body Response to Implants

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Evaluation of Biomaterials

    Learning Objectives

    Overview of Biomaterials Evaluation

    Standards

    Toxicological Evaluation

    Cytotoxicity Testing

    Evaluation in Animals

    Chapter Highlights

    Laboratory Practice 7

    Case Study: Evaluation of Heart Patch in Rats

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Regulation of Medical Devices

    Learning Objectives

    Regulations versus Standards

    Medical Devices

    Preclinical Testing

    Clinical Trials

    Development of Medical Devices and Possible Career Opportunities

    Chapter Highlights

    Activities

    Simple Questions in Class

    Problems and Exercises

    Bibliography

    Index

    Biography

    Qi-Zhi Chen earned her PhD in biomaterials from Imperial College London in 2007. She was previously an academic at Monash University. She was also formerly with the National Heart and Lung Institute London and the University of Cambridge. She has produced more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Dr. Chen’s research interests broadly cover polymeric, ceramic, metallic, and composite biomaterials for application in biomedical engineering. Her teaching interests include physics and various topics of materials science and engineering, in addition to biomaterials.

    George Thouas graduated with a master’s degree in biomedical sciences at Monash University, Melbourne, where he also earned his PhD in the same area in 2006. As an academic researcher, he specialized in developmental biology and reproductivemedicine, with a focus on cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function. He has also spent a major part of his career working in bioengineering research, enabling interdisciplinary projects in bioreactor design, medical devices, and novel biomaterials, with applications in tissue engineering and regeneration. Dr. Thouas has produced more than 50 publications, including peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, patents, and conference proceedings.

    "Very comprehensive… The text is easy to read and ideal as an introductory text."
    —Anthony McGoron, Florida International University, Miami, USA

    "This textbook provides a logically structured approach to understanding biomaterial applications. The diagrams, pictures, and examples allow the reader to easily understand this complex topic."
    —Peter Wawrow, St. Clair College, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

    "This book is the most complete and thorough textbook on biomaterials I have had the chance to evaluate/read. It covers the basics of materials science and provide important insights on all the aspects relevant to the biomaterials field. Topics are presented and described in an accessible fashion, making this piece of work a valuable textbook for undergraduate (but also graduate) courses."
    —Fabio Variola, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada