1st Edition

Neurodegenerative Disease and Micronutrients Prevention and Treatment

By Kedar N. Prasad Copyright 2015
    350 Pages
    by CRC Press

    352 Pages
    by CRC Press

    The book proposes that a preparation of antioxidants and micronutrients, in combination with standard therapy, may reduce progression and improve management better than standard therapy alone for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease, as well as PTSD, traumatic brain injury, concussions, and cerebral vascular insufficiency. The book presents the latest research on the effects of micronutrients and recommends formulations for use in combination with standard therapies for these neurodegenerative diseases and conditions.

    Evolution, Sources, and Functions of Antioxidant Systems
    Introduction
    Evolution of Antioxidant Systems Antioxidant Systems
    Antioxidant Systems
    Brief History of Discovery of Some Micronutrients
    Sources and Forms of Vitamins
    Solubility of Antioxidants and Polyphenols
    Distribution of Antioxidants in the Body
    Storing of Antioxidants
    Can Antioxidants Be Destroyed during Cooking?
    Absorption of Antioxidant and Its Significance
    Functions of Individual Antioxidants
    Current Controversies about Antioxidants in Prevention of Chronic Diseases
    Antioxidant Defense Systems
    Known Functions of Antioxidants and Polyphenolic Compounds
    Conclusions

    Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Their Reduction by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Oxidative Stress
    Oxidation and Reduction Processes
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally
    Factors Regulating Response of Nrf2
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Interpretation of Inhibition of Exercise-Induced Nrf2 Activation by Individual Antioxidant
    NAC-Effects on Murine Alveolar Cells in Culture
    Activation of Nrf2 by Diet Restriction
    Inflammation
    Types of Inflammation
    Products of Inflammatory Reactions
    How to Reduce Chronic Inflammation Optimally
    Conclusions

    Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of AD
    Cost of Health and Long-Term Care Services
    Types of Dementia
    Neuropathology of AD
    Causes of AD
    External Risk Factors for the Development of AD
    Internal Risk Factors for Development and Progression of AD
    Mitochondrial Dysfunction
    Generation and Aggregation of Aβ1–42 Peptides from APP
    Cholesterol-Induced Generation of Beta-Amyloids
    Mutated APP, Presenilin-1, and Presenilin-2 Genes Cause Increased Production of Beta-Amyloids
    Increased Levels of Markers of Chronic Inflammation in AD
    P-Tau Protein in AD
    Proteasome Inhibition-Induced Neurodegeneration in AD
    Genetic Defects in Idiopathic AD
    Neuroglobin
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and
    Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Nrf2 in AD
    Laboratory and Clinical Studies with Antioxidants in AD
    B Vitamins
    Polyphenolic Compounds
    Prevention of AD
    Problems of Using a Single Nutrient in AD
    Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in AD
    Rational for Using Low-Dose NSAID in AD Prevention
    Can the Familial AD Be Prevented or Delayed?
    Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Low-Doses of
    NSAID for Primary Prevention of AD
    Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Low-Doses of
    NSAID for Secondary Prevention
    Current Treatments of AD
    Recommended Micronutrients and Low Dose of NSAID in Combination with
    Standard Therapy in Patients with Dementia with or without AD
    Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for AD
    Conclusions


    Etiology of Parkinson’s Disease: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Prevalence and Incidence
    Cost
    Neuropathology and Symptoms
    Causes of PD
    External Factors That Influence Risk of Developing PD
    Internal Factors Influencing Development and Progression of PD
    Increased Oxidative Stress in PD
    Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PD
    Increased Chronic Inflammation in PD
    Mutations or Overexpression in PD-Related Genes
    DJ-1 Gene
    Alpha-Synuclein Gene
    PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1 Gene
    Parkin Gene
    Mutation in Lysosomal Gene SMPD1
    Proteomic Profiling of Substantia Nigra in PD
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Nrf2 in Parkinson’s Disease
    Laboratory and Human Studies in PD after Treatment with
    Antioxidants and Polyphenolic Compounds
    Studies on In Vitro PD Models
    Studies on Human PD
    NAD/NADH
    Prevention of PD
    Problems of Using Single Antioxidant in PD Patients
    Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in PD
    Rationale for Using NSAID in PD Prevention
    Can the Familial PD Be Prevented or Delayed?
    Recommended Micronutrient Supplement in Combination with
    Low Doses of NSAID for Primary Prevention of PD
    Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Low Doses of
    NSAID for Secondary Prevention
    Treatments of PD
    Rationale for Using Micronutrient Supplement and NSAID in
    Combination with Standard Therapy in PD Patients
    Recommended Micronutrient Supplement and Low Doses of NSAID in
    Combination with Standard Therapy in PD Patients
    Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for PD
    Conclusions


    Huntington’s Disease: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost
    Huntington Gene
    Symptoms and Neuropathology of HD
    Animal Models of HD
    Increased Oxidative Stress in HD
    Mitochondrial Dysfunction in HD
    Increased Chronic Inflammation in HD
    Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity in HD
    Glutamate Transporter Proteins in HD
    Neurotransmitter Receptors
    Kynurenine Pathway in HD
    Protection by Growth Factors in HD
    Transcriptional Deregulation in HD
    Calretinin Protein Protects Neurons in HD
    Reduced Acetylcholine Release in HD
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Nrf2 in HD
    Laboratory and Clinical Studies on Antioxidants and Polyphenolic Compounds
    Problems of Using a Single Antioxidant in HD Patients
    Rationale for Using Multiple Antioxidants in a Micronutrient Preparation
    Can the HD Be Prevented or Delayed?
    Prevention and/or Delaying the Onset of HD
    Proposed Prevention and/or Delaying Strategies for the Onset of HD
    Current Treatments of HD
    Medications for Psychiatric Disorders
    Clinical Studies with Additional Drugs in HD
    Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Standard Therapy
    Recommendations for Diet and Lifestyle Changes
    Conclusions
    References

    Etiology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of PTSD
    Neuropathology
    Major Biochemical Events
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Glutamate Release
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Generated during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Nrf2 in PTSD
    Activation of Nrf2 by Diet Restriction
    Studies on Antioxidants in PTSD
    Proposed PTSD Prevention Studies
    Problems of Using Single Micronutrient in PTSD
    Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in PTSD Prevention
    Proposed Micronutrients for Primary PTSD Prevention
    Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Preparation
    Proposed Micronutrients for Secondary Prevention in High-Risk Populations
    Current Standard Therapy for PTSD
    Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Standard Therapy in PTSD
    Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for PTSD
    Conclusions

    Traumatic Brain Injury: Improved Management by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Incidence and Cost of TBI
    Causes of Severe TBI
    Symptoms
    Neuropathology
    Scoring System of Severity of TBI
    Risk of PTSD Associated with TBI
    Biochemical Events That Contribute to the Progression of Damage after Severe TBI
    Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress after Severe TBI
    Mitochondrial Dysfunction after Severe TBI
    Evidence for Increased Levels of Markers of Inflammation after Severe TBI
    Evidence for Increased Release of Glutamate after Severe TBI
    Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases after Severe TBI
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Glutamate Release
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Generated during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Nrf2 in TBI
    Studies on Effects of Single Antioxidants after Severe TBI
    Effects of Preparation of Multiple Micronutrients in Troops with TBI
    Antioxidants Reduce Glutamate Release
    Prevention Strategies for Severe TBI
    Problems of Using Single Micronutrients after Severe TBI
    Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients for Reducing the Progression of TBI
    Proposed Micronutrients for Primary Prevention of TBI
    Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Preparation
    Proposed Micronutrients for Secondary Prevention in Combination with Standard Therapy
    Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Severe TBI
    Conclusions

    Concussive Brain Injuries: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Incidence
    Cost
    Causes and Symptoms of Concussive Injury
    Long-Term Health Consequences of Concussions
    Increased Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Glutamate Release
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Generated during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Nrf2 in Concussive Brain Injury
    Prevention Strategies for Concussive Injury
    Problems of Using Single Micronutrients in Concussive Injury
    Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients for Reducing
    Development and Progression of Concussive Injury
    Evidence Supporting Effectiveness of Micronutrient Preparation
    Proposed Micronutrients for Primary Prevention of Concussive Injury
    Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Preparation
    Proposed Micronutrients for Secondary Prevention in Combination with
    Standard Therapy after Concussions
    Recommended Micronutrient Preparation before and after Concussive
    Injury for High School Athletes
    Recommended Micronutrient Preparation before and after Concussive
    Injury for Professional/College Sports
    Concept of PAMARA (Protection as Much as Reasonably Achievable)
    Conclusions

    Cerebrovascular Insufficiency: Improved Management by Micronutrients
    Introduction
    Incidence and Cost
    Classifications
    Sensitivity of Brain Cells to Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury
    Increased Oxidative Stress
    Increased Inflammation
    Increased Glutamate Release
    How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally
    Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress
    Nrf2 in Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury
    Protection of Brain Injury by Antioxidants in Animal Models
    Polyphenolic Compounds in Animal Models
    Protection of Brain Injury by Antioxidants in Humans
    Problems of Using a Single Micronutrient during Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
    Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in Reducing Brain
    Damage after Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury
    Reducing Brain Damage after Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
    Recommended Micronutrients for Reducing Brain Damage
    during Acute Phase of Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury
    Toxicity of Micronutrients
    Recommended Micronutrients for Reducing Brain Damage during
    Chronic Phase of Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury
    Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Patients with Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
    Conclusions
    References

    Recommended Dietary Allowances/Dietary Reference Intakes/Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Selected Micronutrients
    Introduction
    RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances )
    DRI (Dietary Reference Intake)
    AI (Adequate Intake)
    UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)
    Conclusions

    Biography

    Kedar N. Prasad is the chief scientific officer of Premier Micronutrient Corporation. He earned a MS in zoology from the University of Bihar in India and a PhD in radiation biology from the University of Iowa. His postdoctoral training was at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He was professor at the University of Colorado Medical School and served as a president of the International Society for Nutrition and Cancer. Dr. Prasad was invited by the Nobel Committee to nominate a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Medicine in the early 1980’s. His interests include radiation protection, and the role of nutrition in cancer and neurological diseases. He has published more than 200 papers in peer-reviewed journals and authored or edited 25 books.