2nd Edition

Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health in Early Life

By Jana Parizkova Copyright 2010
    428 Pages 27 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    428 Pages 27 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    During the past decade since the first edition of this practical work was published, global prevalence of obesity has increased by epic proportions, and physical fitness levels have continued to decline. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health in Early Life, Second Edition analyzes cutting-edge longitudinal and cross-sectional data on morphological, nutritional, and functional characteristics related to environmental factors to assess how the lifestyle choices we make when we’re young deeply impact overall health and wellness throughout our lives.

    Includes Step-by-Step Nutrition and Exercise Plans

    Extensively revised and updated, this definitive second edition synthesizes new, original research findings related to anthropometric and body composition data, dietary intake, cardiorespiratory function, motor and psychomotor skills, muscle strength, and biochemical and physiological parameters of preschool-age children. The book supplies ready-to-implement nutrition and exercise plans that are appropriate for children in this age group. Almost tripling the number of references, the text includes new chapters that address the role of genetic factors in addition to prevention techniques, consequences, and treatment of obesity. It also compares body mass index, body composition, and the shifts of adiposity rebound on an international scale.

    Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health in Early Life, Second Edition emphasizes that to preserve a high-quality of life no matter your age, it is crucial that a foundation of healthy nutrition and optimal physical activity, which increases the level of physical fitness, be cemented early on. In effect, this book illustrates why early prevention always trumps a cure.

    Introduction: First Steps to Optimal Health and Fitness throughout Life
    Potential for Health
    Historical Aspects: Pedagogy and Education
    Physiology of Children
    Secular Trend: Acceleration of Growth
    Influence of Environmental Factors
    What Are the Aims?
    Theoretical Considerations: What Can We Learn from the Natural and Experimental Models?
    Influence of Diet Early in Life and Its Delayed Effects
    Influence of Increased PA during Pregnancy on the Later Development of Offspring
    Influence of Other Factors during Pregnancy
    Exercise during Pre- and Postnatal Ontogeny and Cardiac Microstructure of the Offspring
    Influence of PA on the Development of Experimental Cardiac Necrosis
    Impact of the Interactions between Early Diet and PA on Experimental Cardiac Necrosis
    General Considerations
    Nutrition of Pregnant Mothers and Their Children in Early Life: Human Studies
    Variability of Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation in Different Societies
    Position in Industrially Developed Countries
    Influence of Genetic Factors on Growth and Health Risks in the Offspring
    Impact of Maternal Status on Offspring
    Relationships among Anthropometric, Dietary, and Serum Lipid Variables of the Mother and the Newborn
    General Considerations
    Growth and Somatic Development of Preschool Children
    Introduction
    Evaluation of Somatic Growth
    Cross-Sectional Surveys of Anthropometric Variables
    Longitudinal Studies of Children from 3 to 6 Years of Age
    Body Composition and Fat Pattern
    Somatotypes
    Body Posture
    Relationship between Heights and Weights of Parents and Anthropometric Variables of Preschool Children
    Other Surveys
    General Considerations
    Nutritional Status and Dietary Intake in Early Life
    Introduction
    Energy Requirements
    Protein Requirements
    Fats
    Carbohydrates
    Minerals and Trace Elements
    Vitamins
    Methods for the Evaluation of Dietary Intake
    Dietary Intake and Energy Output in Czech Preschoolers: Results of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Surveys
    Food Intake and Energy Output in Other Preschool Child Populations
    Food Habits, Preferences, and Aversions in Preschool Age
    RDAs for Preschool Children: Is There a Need for Further Revision?
    General Considerations and Recommendations
    Functional Development and Physical Activity during Early Childhood
    Introduction
    PA, EE, and Physical Fitness in Young Children
    Evaluation of PA and Physical Fitness
    Cardiorespiratory Fitness
    Motor and Sensomotor Development: Gross and Fine Motorics
    Metabolic and Biochemical Characteristics
    Studies of Biochemical Variables, Blood Pressure, and
    Fatness in Other Populations
    General Considerations
    Influence of Varying Nutrition and Environment on Somatic Development and Physical Fitness
    Introduction
    Growth and Development
    Influence of Different Types of Nutrition and Dietary Intake
    Surveys in Populations Varying in Environment and Dietary Intake
    Influence of Severe Malnutrition
    Problems of Child Labor
    General Considerations
    Development of Obesity and Its Influence on the Functional Capacity of Children and Youth
    Obesity in Young Children
    Changes of Obesity Prevalence with Time in Different Countries
    Genetic and Hereditary Factors in Early Childhood Obesity
    Maternal and Familial Factors in the Development of Childhood Obesity
    Early Factors in Obesity Development
    Evaluation of Obesity
    Results of Studies in Young Obese Subjects
    Health Complications of Obesity in Children
    Management of Obesity: Prevention and Treatment at an Early Age
    Morphological, Functional, and Biochemical Changes after Reduction Treatment
    General Considerations: Role of Obesity Interventions for Optimal Development at an Early Age
    Influence of Environmental Factors

    Introduction
    Influence of Living Conditions in the Capital and in Other Parts of the Czech Republic
    Economic Level and Birth Rank
    Environment, Risk Pregnancy, Family Conditions, and Health
    Effect of Birth Weight
    Effect of Family Situation
    Effect of Education of Parents
    Health Status of Children
    General Considerations
    Influence of Motor Stimulation, Physical Education, and Spontaneous Physical Activity
    Introduction
    Motor Development of Infants
    Experimental Observations on the Impact of Motor Stimulation in Infants
    Toddlers
    Motor Development and Education of Children Aged 3–6 Years
    What to Avoid in the Motor Stimulation in Young Children
    Influence of Exercise in Preschoolers
    Spontaneous PA, Somatic and Functional Development, Food Intake, and Blood Lipids
    Other Surveys on the Effect of PA and Exercise at an Early Age
    General Considerations
    Criteria for the Evaluation of Morphological and Functional Development in Preschool Children: Recommendations
    Body Size and Body Composition
    Functional Measurements: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
    Motor Development
    Sensomotor Development
    Dietary Intake and Biochemical Characteristics
    Summary of Experimental Results
    Studies in Experimental Models with Laboratory Animals
    Observations on the Influence of Maternal Nutrition on the Newborn
    Morphological and Functional Surveys in Preschool Children
    Surveys of Children with Various Environmental Conditions and Different Levels of Nutrition
    Obesity in Young Children
    Influence of Exercise
    Perspectives: Physical Activity, Early Prevention of Diseases, and Development of Positive Health
    Appendix 1 Body Posture
    Appendix 2 Step Test
    Appendix 3 Motor Performance
    Appendix 4 Sensomotor Tests
    1180 References
    Index

    Biography

    Professor Jana Pařízková, MD, PhD, DSc, is a senior scientist at the Centre for the Management of Obesity, Institute of Endocrinology in Prague, Czech Republic. Her main area of research is body composition and obesity with joined metabolic and clinical problems as related to actual diet, physical activity level, physical fitness, biochemical and hormonal characteristics, psychological traits, etc.

    Praise for the First Edition
    … clearly written, eloquently organized text, providing pertinent and useful information for anyone interested in the problems of nutrition, physical activity, and health in very young children.
    Pediatric Exercise Science