1st Edition

Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation

By Allen Fuhs Copyright 2009
    504 Pages 180 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    504 Pages 180 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Uncover the Technology behind Hybrids and Make an Intelligent Decision When Purchasing Your Next Vehicle
    With one billion cars expected to be on the roads of the world in the near future, the potential for war over oil and the negative environmental effects of emissions will be greater than ever before. Now is the time to seriously consider an alternative to standard automobiles.

    Exploring practical solutions to these problems, Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation provides broad coverage of the technologies involved in manufacturing and operating hybrids. It reviews key components of hybrid and pure electric vehicles, including batteries, fuel cells, and ultracapacitors. The book also discusses both concept and production-bound hybrids as well as the economics and safety issues of hybrid ownership. In addition, the author supplies effective tips on how to save gasoline with conventional and hybrid automobiles.

    Making the jargon of fuel-efficient vehicles accessible to a wide audience, this guide explains the history of hybrids, how they work, and their impact on the environment. It will help you make a sound decision concerning the purchase and operation of a hybrid or electric vehicle.

    Historical Roots of Hybrid Automobiles
    Ancient History: Crossroads
    Steam Cars
    Electric Cars
    Gasoline Cars
    Carriages
    Crossroads
    Invention of Hybrid Automobile
    Key Features of Hybrid Automobile
    Early Hybrid Vehicles
    Woods Gas-Electric Car
    Control Systems for Early Hybrids
    Modern Period of Hybrid History
    Hybrid Automobiles: Stirring of Interest in the 1990s
    Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles
    Crossroads 2008: Sneak Preview of the Future
    References
    Additional References
    Why the Crisis? Hybrid Vehicles as a Mitigation Measure
    Introduction
    A Story
    Setting the Stage
    Depletion of Petroleum
    Estimating Oil Production
    Oil Reserves and Resources
    Demand for Petroleum
    Oil in the United States
    Hubbert’s Peaking Theory
    Near-Term Situation
    Summary
    References
    Overview of Hybrid Vehicles
    Introduction
    Concept Hybrids and Electric Vehicles
    Concept Hybrids on Two (or Three) Wheels
    Park the Car
    Description of a Few Select Hybrids
    Hybrid Truck and Bus Technology
    Concept and Production Hybrid Trucks
    Hydrogen Electric Racing Federation
    Production Hybrid Buses
    Military Applications of Hybrids
    Parting Perspective
    Summary
    Appendix
    References
    Hybrid Automobile: What Is It?
    Hybrid Definition
    A New Idea for a Hybrid
    Hybrid Electric Vehicle
    Inherently More Expensive
    Hybrids: Mainstream or on the Fringe? Success or Failure?
    HEV Propulsion Design Options
    HEV Propulsion Design Options: Series
    Discussion of Various Operating Modes: Series
    HEV Propulsion Design Options: Parallel
    Discussion of Various Operating Modes: Parallel
    Comment on Toyota Prius
    Choice of Series, Parallel, or Mixed
    Technologies for a Successful Hybrid
    Operation with a “Dead” Battery
    Summary
    Why Hybrids Get Good Mileage
    Introduction
    Hybrid Specific
    Summary
    References
    Multifaceted Complexity of Batteries
    Introduction
    Electrical Definitions for Hybrid Vehicles
    Battery Electrochemistry
    Battery Life
    Battery Charging and Discharging
    Battery Data
    Safety
    Cost
    Calendar Life
    Electrochemistry
    Lithium-Ion Alkaline Battery
    Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery
    Advanced Technology
    Application of Lithium-Ion Battery in Hybrids
    Application of Batteries in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
    Battery Selection
    Battery Properties
    Hybrids Using Electrochemical Storage
    Maps Based on Battery Energy and Power
    Fuel Cells
    Capacitors
    Summary
    Appendix 1: Electrochemistry of a Voltaic Cell and Fuel Cell
    Appendix 2: Capacitors
    References
    Obesity: Bad in Humans, Bad in Cars
    Introduction
    Vehicle Weight and Fuel Economy
    Vehicle Weight and Vehicle Safety
    Summary
    Appendix 1: Mathematics of Fractional Change
    Appendix 2: Derivation of Equation 7.12
    References
    Vital Role of the Control System
    History of Automobile Control
    Example of Engine Controls from 1980s
    Function of Control System
    Analogy with Symphony Orchestra Conductor
    Fringe Benefits of Control System
    Simulation and Modeling
    Design Sequence
    Algorithm Development
    Conflict: Fuel Economy and Exhaust Emissions
    Exhaust Emissions: Origin of Pollutants
    Various Operational Modes to Be Controlled
    Elements of Control Theory
    Overview of Control System: Cartoon Version
    Overview of Control System: Electronic Control Unit Version
    Descriptions of Electronic Control Units
    Control Area Network
    Control Variables: Variables Connecting the ECUs
    Engine Management
    Exhaust Gas Recirculation
    Engine Efficiency Map
    Load Leveling
    Control Complexity and Difficulty.
    Adaptive Control Strategy
    Robustness of Control System
    Four Control Strategies
    Rules-Based Control Algorithm
    Optimization
    Hardware-Constrained Optimization
    Fuzzy Logic Control: What Is It?
    Fuzzy Logic Control Application to Hybrid Control
    Neural Network Control: What Is It?
    Neural Network Control: Application to Hybrid Control
    Comparison of Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks for Control
    Combined Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks for Control
    Electrical Components: Electrical Motors and Generators
    Summary
    References
    Regenerative Braking
    Introduction
    Brakes and Tires Primer
    Longitudinal Tire Forces: Braking
    Driver Input
    Brake Actuator
    Three-Port Switch
    Controller: Inputs
    Controller: Outputs
    M/G: Generator Mode
    Summary
    Appendix: Equations for Regenerative and Friction Brakes
    Regenerative Brakes
    Friction Brakes
    References
    Narrow Operating Band for Gasoline Engine
    Introduction
    Driving Cycle
    Minimum Fuel Consumption Line
    Summary
    References
    Hybridness: A Basic Design Decision
    Definition of Hybridness
    A Story
    Hybrid Design Philosophy
    Hybridness: Parallel Hybrid
    Hybridness: Series, Mixed, and Range Extender (Plug-In) Hybrids
    Range Extender
    Optimization and Hybridness
    Battery Power and Electric Motor Power
    Residual Performance with a “Dead” Battery
    Effect of Low Charge
    Power-to-Weight Ratio
    Interpretation of Ramps
    Various Techniques to Enhance Hybrid Performance
    Mild or Micro Hybrid Features
    Why Is H about 50% a Good Spot for Big Miles per Gallon?
    Plug-In Hybrid
    All-Wheel Drive Hybrid
    Summary
    Appendix 1: Derivation of Range Extension Equations
    Appendix 2: Range of a Plug-In Hybrid.
    References
    Mileage Ratings
    Introduction
    Mileage Ratings
    Previous EPA Mileage Estimates
    Deficiencies in Old and New EPA Methods
    New EPA Tests to Estimate Mileage
    Testing Hybrids
    Corporate Average Fuel Economy
    How to Improve Fuel Economy: Tips for Better Miles/Gallon
    Preliminaries
    Buying Gasoline
    Test Accuracy
    Plan Ahead
    Vehicle Maintenance
    Getting Better mpg Cruising along the Interstate
    Aggressive Driving
    Driving Tips
    Air-Conditioning and Windows Down
    Open Windows
    Where You Drive
    Mileage Scams
    Summary
    Appendix 1: Optimum Cruise Speed.
    Appendix 2: CAFE Fleet Average Fuel Economy and Vehicle Average
    Appendix 3: Change in Fuel Economy EPA Estimates: Old versus New Test Methods
    References
    Enhancing the Sales Brochure
    Introduction
    Hybrid Components
    Hybrid System
    Hybrid Performance
    Miscellaneous
    Summary
    References
    Torque Curves: A Match Made in Heaven
    History of Electrical Alternators, Motors, and Generators in Automobiles
    Functions of the Motor/Generator
    Origin of Forces and Torques
    Types of Motors and/or Generators
    Permanent Magnets
    Definitions for Motors and Generators
    Simple DC Motor/Generator
    Rotating Magnetic Field
    DC Brushless Motor
    Alternator
    Induction Motor and Asynchronous Generator
    Switched Reluctance Motor: Stepping Motor
    Losses and Motor Efficiency
    Cooling
    Selection of M/G
    Design and Control Aspects
    Desired and Attainable Torque Curve: Match Made in Heaven
    Switching from Motor to Generator and Vice Versa
    Alternate View of Electric Motors: Torque or Speed
    Summary
    Appendix: Matching Poles for a Switched Reluctance Motor
    References
    Economics of Hybrid Ownership
    Introduction
    Benefits of Hybrids
    Pay at the Pump
    Fuel Costs
    Fuel Savings
    Years to Recoup
    Tax Savings
    Costs
    Interplay Hybrid Technology and Price Premium
    Summary
    Appendix: Classified Advertisement for Toyota Prius II
    References
    New Technologies: Hybrids
    Overview
    Factors Affecting New Technology
    Biggest Gains
    Mining the Obvious: Energy Storage
    Mining the Obvious: Other Hybrid Technologies
    Innovation: Seeking the Novel
    Motivation for New Technology
    Summary
    Appendix: Saving Gasoline
    References
    New Technologies: Internal Combustion Engine
    Introduction
    What and Where Are the Losses?
    Technology to Increase Efficiency
    Examples of New Designs
    Convergence of Gas and Diesel
    Summary
    Appendix: Combustion Processes in ICE
    References
    Hybrids: Mainstream or Fringe?
    Introduction
    Determining Factors
    Competition: HEV versus Gas/Diesel
    Future for HEV
    Competition: HEV versus FCV
    Fuel Cell Vehicle Future
    Summary
    References
    Factors Influencing Resale Value
    Introduction
    Common Factors
    Resale Factors Specific to Hybrids
    Summary
    Dangers of Aftermarket Add-Ons
    Service and Repair
    Performance Modification
    Summary
    Safety Issues
    Overview
    What Are Today’s Hazards?
    Who Has an Interest in Hybrid Safety?
    What Are Future Hazards?
    Summary
    Appendix: Lithium-Ion Battery Safety
    Li-Ion Battery Protection in HEV Application
    Cell-Level Safety Devices
    Opening (Rupture) Lithium-Ion Battery
    Causes of Battery Accidents: Triggers
    Triggers: Overcharging or Overheating: Steps to Possible Disaster with Conventional Cell Chemistries
    Triggers: Internal Short Circuit: Partial or Total
    Positive Electrode
    Negative Electrode
    References
    The Future
    Introduction
    Supply and Demand
    Mitigation Measures
    Abiotic Oil
    Alternate Fuels: Overview
    Alternate Fuels: Details
    Alternate Fuels: Ethanol as a Fuel
    Alternate Fuels: More Fuels
    Alternate Fuels: Hydrogen as a Fuel
    The Past—The Future
    Summary
    Appendix: Physical Properties of Fuels
    References
    Appendix A: Acronyms and Mostly Relevant Data Vocabulary and Definitions
    Appendix B: Global Warming
    Index

    Biography

    Allen Fuhs

    "The book provides excellent information for a consumer to learn about almost every aspect of HEVs, including principles, safety, and maintenance . . . Summing Up: Recommended."

    – C. Mi, University of Michigan Dearborn, in Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, September 2009, Vol. 47, No. 1