Skeletal Trauma Identification of Injuries Resulting from Human Rights Abuse and Armed Conflict

An Epidemiological Approach to Forensic Investigations of Violations to International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law
International Law and Forensics
An Epidemiological Framework for Trauma Analysis

Case Study: Estimating War Crimes from the Wounded to Killed Ratio: The Japanese Embassy, C.C. Snow, J. P. Baraybar, and H. Spirer

Differential Diagnosis of Skeletal Trauma
Reconstructing Skeletal Fractures to Identify Trauma
The Anthroposcopic Examination of Skeletal Injuries
Ruling Out Skeletal Variation and Skeletal Pathology
Classification of Fractures and the Mechanisms of Injury
The Microscopic Examination of Skeletal Tissue
The Timing of Fracture Based on Gross Inspection
Diagnosis of Injuries without Evidence of a Defect
Radiography and Three-dimensional Imaging               
The Usefulness of Clothing as Evidence
Photography
Case Study: Finite Element Models of the Human Head in the Field of Forensic Science, J.S. Raul, B. Ludes, and R. Willinger
Blasting Injuries
Explosive Ordnance Devices
Pathophysiology of Blast Injuries
The Context:  Fatal Environment and Intent
Differential Diagnosis of Fragmented Blast from Gunfire Injuries
Case Study: Skeletal and Soft Tissue Injuries Resulting from a Grenade, A.B. Seneviratne
Case Study: A Case of Blasting Injury from Colombia, J.M. Pachon
Case Study: “Human Bomb” and Body Trauma, A. Samarasekera
Blunt Force Trauma
The Pathophysiology of Blunt Force Injury
Establishing the Number and Sequence of Injuries
Cranial v. Post-Cranial Variation
Blunt Force Injury Associated with Gunfire Injury
                                Case Study: The Interpretation of Skeletal Trauma Resulting from Injuries Sustained Prior To, and as a Direct Result of Freefall, O. Finegan
Case Study: A Khmer Rouge Execution Method:  Evidence from Choeung Ek, S.C. Ta'ala, G.E. Berg, and K. Haden
Skeletal Evidence of Torture
Documented Cases of Torture in Skeletal Remains from Kosovo and Peru
Differential Diagnosis of Blunt Force Trauma Resulting from Torture, Accidents, and Non-Accidental Mechanisms
Case Study: Torture Sequels to the Skeleton, H.P. Hougen
Case Study: Multiple Healed Rib Fractures: Timing of Injuries with Regard to Death, T. Delabarde
Case Study: Dating of Fractures in Human Dry Bone Tissue: The Berisha Case, G.J.R. Maat
Case Study: Torture and Extra-Judicial Execution in the Peruvian Highlands: Forensic Investigation in a Military Base, J.P. Baraybar, C.R. Cardoza, and V. Parodi
Sharp Force Trauma
Mechanisms of Sharp Force Wounds on Bone
Identifying Sharp Injuries
Sharp-Blunt Injury Associated with Chopping Weapons
Case Study: Disappearance, Torture and Murder of Nine Individuals in a Community of Nebaj, Guatemala, S.C. Chacón, F. A. Peccerelli, L. Paiz Diez, and C. Rivera Fernández
Case Study: Probable Machete Trauma from the Cambodian Killing Fields, G.E. Berg
Gunfire Injuries
The Pathophysiology of Gunfire Injury to Bone
Estimating the Class of Weapon and Ammunition
Differentiating Entry from Exit Defects on Bone
Establishing Bullet Trajectory
Range of Fire
Estimating the Number of Injuries
Sequencing Multiple Gunfire Injuries
Case Study:  Firearm Basics, C.J. Waters
Variation in Gunfire Wounds by Skeletal Region
The Skull
The Thorax
The Limbs
Case Study:  Tyranny and Torture in the Republic of Panama, A.H. Ross and L. Suarez S.
Case Study: The Pacific War: A Chilean Soldier Found in Cerro Zig Zag, Peru, E. Tomasto Cagigao, and M. Lund

Biography

Erin H. Kimmerle, Jose Pablo Baraybar

" The authors provide a comprehensive synthesis of skeletal trauma analysis. The presentation of case studies by practitioners with a wealth of experience in the analysis of human skeletal trauma from various countries (particularly those not typically represented in the English language journals), is a major contribution to the disciplines of forensic anthropology and pathology. There is good emphasis on the contextual background and its importance in evaluating findings. This reliance is at the same time a potential weakness, which those practicing in ordinary domestic environments recognize only too well. The evaluation of future events, hitherto hidden in the conduct of war or internal violence, will be substantially advanced by the existence of this book. The authors are to be congratulated and thanked for their work."
-- Professor Stephen Cordner, MA, MB, BS, BMedSc FRCPath, FRCPA, DMJ DipCrim. Stephen Cordner is the foundation Professor of Forensic Medicine at Monash University and Director of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Australia

“The publication of this book, which is borne from solid research and extensive practice in the field, is as timely as it is necessary.  It is set to become a guiding tool for forensic scientists, human rights activists, and humanitarian workers committed to giving a truthful voice to the dead.”
--From the foreword by Morris Tidball-Binz M.D., Forensic Coordinator, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland

“ …use by forensic practitioners and prosecution and defense lawyers will ensure the maximum exploitation of human remains for the purposes of proof in both domestic and international criminal prosecutions.”
--From the foreword by Andrew T. Cayley, J.D., Senior Prosecuting Counsel, International Criminal Court and Former Senior Trial Attorney, International Criminal Tribunal, the former Yugoslavia Republic

“Timely, detailed and authoritative, Kimmerle and Baraybar’s volume on skeletal trauma in contexts of human rights abuses and armed conflict is a “must have” for forensic anthropologists – student and practitioner alike. Others with interests ranging from physical anthropology to human right should also find the work sufficiently non-technical for their needs.”
--Lisa Leppo, Ph.D., US Army Mortuary Affairs Center

“… the most detailed and systematic treatment of skeletal trauma I have read. … a key resource for anyone investigating skeletal trauma.”
--Douglas H. Ubelaker, Ph.D., Curator, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

“In this book, detailed descriptions and photographs of trauma are complimented by case studies demonstrating the application of trauma analysis to human rights investigations.  Forensic anthropologists involved in human rights work, as well as students and specialists in other medicolegal fields will find this book to be a useful resource and guide to interpreting trauma in the forensic context.”
--John Verano, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana

“Skeletal Trauma:  Identification of Injuries Resulting from Human Rights Abuse and Armed Conflict  is a remarkable text that gives an in-depth accounting of the scientific approach used in the mortuary to investigate and document human rights abuses.  This well-researched manuscript offers an epidemiological approach to discriminate war casualty from acts of genocide and the methods to scientifically document skeletal trauma from potential causes including torture, gunshot injury, blast force injury, and blunt and sharp force trauma.  Emphasized are the flexibility and rigorousness needed in human rights investigations where optimal laboratory and mortuary conditions are rarely obtainable.  The authors have many years of experience in establishing mortuary and field recovery operations that have withstood the rigors of court readiness thus establishing them as true authorities on this subject matter.  They have compiled contributions from twenty-six specialists in forensic anthropology, forensic pathology, criminalistics, and legal medicine who themselves are at the forefront of International human rights investigations.  This text will serve as a reference for the audience member seeking to establish or interact with human rights investigations.  The comprehensive review of trauma interpretation from the skeleton ensures that this volume will be adopted in the classroom and used by the professional as the exemplary text on skeletal trauma.”
-- Dana Austin, Ph.D., Diplomate, American Board of Forensic Anthropology Senior Forensic Anthropologist, Tarrant County Medical Examiner’s District, Fort Worth, Texas

 …" a well-referenced, well-organized text … an excellent pictorial guide illustrating each type of trauma encountered in skeletal analysis and demonstrating a systematic method to adequately document and interpret skeletal trauma. … The case studies provide a realistic view of the difficulties facing an anthropologist working in subpar conditions and within an emotionally charged environment. … The text is a valuable resource for both forensic anthropology students, as well as seasoned practitioners."

—J.C. Love, Harris Country Medical Examiner’s Office, Houston, Texas, writing in Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology

 

<qu>" … this book is interesting, is highly pertinent in today’s socio-political climate, and is a noble effort to be applauded.

<source>—Tim Thompson, School of Science & Technology, University of Teesside