Categorical data-comprising counts of individuals, objects, or entities in different categories-emerge frequently from many areas of study, including medicine, sociology, geology, and education. They provide important statistical information that can lead to real-life conclusions and the discovery of fresh knowledge. Therefore, the ability to manipulate, understand, and interpret categorical data becomes of interest-if not essential-to professionals and students in a broad range of disciplines.
Although t-tests, linear regression, and analysis of variance are useful, valid methods for analysis of measurement data, categorical data requires a different methodology and techniques typically not encountered in introductory statistics courses. Developed from long experience in teaching categorical analysis to a multidisciplinary mix of undergraduate and graduate students, A Course in Categorical Data Analysis presents the easiest, most straightforward ways of extracting real-life conclusions from contingency tables. The author uses a Fisherian approach to categorical data analysis and incorporates numerous examples and real data sets. Although he offers S-PLUS routines through the Internet, readers do not need full knowledge of a statistical software package.
In this unique text, the author chooses methods and an approach that nurtures intuitive thinking. He trains his readers to focus not on finding a model that fits the data, but on using different models that may lead to meaningful conclusions. The book offers some simple, innovative techniques not highighted in other texts that help make the book accessible to a broad, interdisciplinary audience. A Course in Categorical Data Analysis enables readers to quickly use its offering of tools for drawing scientific, medical, or real-life conclusions from categorical data sets.
Experimental Design for a Population Proportion
Further Properties of the Binomial Distribution
Statistical Procedures for the Binomial Distribution
The Poisson Distribution
Statistical Procedures for the Poisson Distribution
The Multinomial distribution
Sir Ronald Fisher's Conditioning Result
More General Sampling Models
Generalizing the Binomial Distribution
The Discrete Exponential Family of Distributions
Generalizing the Multinomial Distribution
TWO BY TWO CONTINGENCY TABLES
Conditional Probability and Independence
Independence of Rows and Columns
Investigating Independence, Given Observational Data
Edwards' Theorem
Log Contrasts and the Multinomial Distribution
The Log Measure of Association Test
The Product Binomial Model
The Independent Poisson Model
Fisher's Exact Test
Power Properties of our Test Procedures
SIMPSON'S PARADOX AND 23 TABLES
Probability Theory
The Cornish Pixie/Irish Leprechaun Example
Interpretation of Simpson's Paradox
The Three-Directional Approach
Measure of Association Analysis for 23 Tables
Medical Example
Testing Equality for two 2 x 2 Tables
The Three-directional Approach of the Analysis 23 Tables
THE MADISON DRUG ALCOHOL ABUSE STUDY
Experimental Design
Statistical Results (phase 3) of Study
Further Validation of Results
GOODMAN'S FULL RANK INTERACTION ANALYZED FOR TWO WAY TABLES
Introductory Example
Methodological Developments
Numerical Example
Methodological Developments
Business School Example
Methodological Developments
Advertising Example
Testing for Equality of Unconditional Cell Probabilities
Analysis of Berkeley Admissions Data
Further Data Sets
FURTHER EXAMPLES AND EXTENSIONS
Hypertension, Obesity, and Alcohol Consumption
The Bristol Cervical Screening Data
The Multiple Sclerosis Data
The Dundee Dental Health Data
CONDITIONAL INDEPENDENCE MODELS FOR TWO-WAY TABLES
Fixed Zeros and Missing Observations
Incomplete Tables
Perfectly Fitting Further Cells
Complete Tables
Further Data Sets
LOGISTIC REGRESSION
Review of General Methodology
Analyzing Your Data Using S-PLUS
Analysis of Mice Exposure Data
Analysis of Space Shuttle Failure Data
Further Data Sets
FURTHER REGRESSION MODELS
Regression Models for Poisson Data
The California Eqrthquake Data
A Generalization of Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression for Matched Case-Control Studies
Further Data
FINAL TOPICS
Continuous Random Variables
Logistic Discrimination Analysis
Testing The Slope and Quadratic Term
Extensions
Three-Way Contingency Tables
INDEX
Biography
Leonard, Thomas
"…presents an interesting and alternative view of categorical data analysis (CDA)…This book would be appropriate for upper undergraduates or master's level courses in statistics for non-majors who need an overview of CDA without going into great detail and theory…represents a fresh perspective on CDA. It is well worth a look, both by practitioners who use these methods in their research and by instructors who plan to teach courses on this subject … The author has extensive teaching experience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and at the University of Edinburgh, and the choice of topics in this book reflects that experience … Each chapter is followed by useful exercises that should aid in developing an understanding of the presented material … Its many biological and medical examples, some developed in detail, make it especially useful for students with interests in the health sciences."
--C. B. Borkowf, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, in Biometrics, December 2000
"This book offers something different…what a wealth of detail and insight he develops! Copious numerical examples are discussed alongside the theory, and each of these are interpreted in the context of the study that generated the data…a welcome addition to the literature."
--J. M. Juritz, Short Book Reviews of the ISI, April 2000
"…a unique work in the implementation of techniques and methodologies needed…are not usually found in introductory statistics courses…Highly recommended for upper-division undergraduates and graduate students, faculty, and professionals."
--D. J. Gougeon, University of Scranton in CHOICE
"This book would be appropriate for upper undergraduate or master's level courses in statistics for non-majors who need an overview of CDA without going into great detail and theory. Its many biological and medical examples, some developed in detail, make it especially useful for students with interests in the health sciences."
C.B. Borkowf, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, maryland, USA
"…the excellent discussion of Simpson's paradox, could be included in more general survey courses."
C.B. Borkowf, National Cancer Institue, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
"…this book represents a fresh perspective on CDA. It is well worth a look, both by practitioners who use these methods in their research and by instructors who plan to teach courses on this subject."
C.B. Borkowf, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
"... this is a very useful little book that serves as an excellent introduction to S-PLUS commands..."
-Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
This ia a very useful handbook…accessible introduction and quick reference to S-PLUS."
-Short Book Reviews of the ISI
"…written in a clear and lucid style…an excellent candidate for a beginning level graduate textbook on statistical methods…a useful reference for practitioners."
-Zentralblatt für Mathematik