2nd Edition

Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Edited By Gilson Khang Copyright 2017
    1480 Pages 183 Color & 155 B/W Illustrations
    by Jenny Stanford Publishing

    1480 Pages 183 Color & 155 B/W Illustrations
    by Jenny Stanford Publishing

    Millions of patients suffer from end-stage organ failure or tissue loss annually, and the only solution might be organ and/or tissue transplantation. To avoid poor biocompatibility–related problems and donor organ shortage, however, around 20 years ago a new, hybridized method combining cells and biomaterials was introduced as an alternative to whole-organ and tissue transplantation for diseased, failing, or malfunctioning organs—regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This handbook focuses on all aspects of intelligent scaffolds, from basic science to industry to clinical applications. Its 10 parts, illustrated throughout with excellent figures, cover stem cell engineering research, drug delivery systems, nanomaterials and nanodevices, and novel and natural biomaterials. The book can be used by advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of stem cell and tissue engineering and researchers in macromolecular science, ceramics, metals for biomaterials, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those interested in tissue engineering, stem cell engineering, and regenerative medicine.

    INTRODUCTION

    Biomaterials and Manufacturing Methods for Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine: Update 2015

    Introduction

    Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

    Scaffold Fabrication and Characterization

    Concluding Remarks and Future Directions

    References

    CERAMIC AND METAL SCAFFOLDS

    Biomineralized Matrices as Intelligent Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

    Introduction

    CaP Biomaterials

    CaP-Based Biomaterial-Assisted Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells

    CaP Matrices for Bone Tissue Engineering and Repair

    CaP Mineral-Based Matrices as a Delivery Vehicle for Growth Factors and Genes

    CaP-Assisted Stem Cell Osteogenesis and Bone Tissue Regeneration: Mechanistic Insights

    Conclusions and Future Perspectives

    References

    Bioceramic and Composite Scaffolds in Drug Delivery and Bone Tissue Engineering

    Introduction

    Bioceramics

    Nanotechnology in Bioceramics

    Nanoceramics in Drug Delivery

    Bone Tissue Engineering

    Research Perspective

    Basic Questions in Bone Tissue Engineering

    Conclusions

    References

    Recent Development in Materials Innovation in Bone Tissue Regeneration

    Overview

    Materials’ Innovation

    Microstructure and Morphology Optimization of Bioceramic-Based Bone Substitutes

    Current Challenges and Future Directions in Bone Substitute Research

    Conclusions

    References

    Carbonate Apatite Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine

    Introduction

    Fabrication of Carbonate Apatite by Compositional Transformation Based on Dissolution-Precipitation Reaction Using a Precursor

    Cell and Tissue Response to Carbonate Apatite

    Porous Carbonate Apatite

    Conclusions

    References

    Mg-Based Biodegradable Metals for Scaffolds

    Introduction

    Mg-Based Biodegradable Metals for Bone Scaffolds

    Mg-Based Biodegradable Metals for Blood Vessel Scaffolds/Stents

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    INTELLIGENT HYDROGELS

    Functional DNA Building Blocks and Their Hydrogel Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

    Overview

    DNA Nanobuilding Blocks

    DNA Hydrogels

    Functionalized DNA Hydrogels

    Protein-Producing DNA Hydrogels

    Conclusions

    References

    Recent Progress of Intelligent Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

    Introduction

    History of Hydrogels

    Properties of Hydrogel Scaffolds for Successful Tissue Engineering

    Classification of Hydrogels

    Conclusions

    References

    Polyanionic Hydrogels as Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering

    Overview

    Properties of Polyanionic Hydrogels

    Polyanionic Hydrogels for Replacement of Biotissues

    Polyanionic Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration

    Conclusions

    References

    Hyaluronic Acid–Based Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Tissue Engineering

    Introduction

    Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid in Tissue Engineering

    HA Derivatives

    Fabrication of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

    Hyaluronic Acid–Based Hybrid Hydrogels

    Conclusions and Outlook

    References

    Biologically Triggered Injectable Hydrogels as Intelligent Scaffolds

    Introduction

    Injectable Hydrogels as a Regenerative Scaffold

    Enzyme-Triggered Hydrogels

    Conclusions and Outlook

    References

    Cytocompatible and Reverse-Transformable Polymeric Hydrogel Matrices

    Introduction

    Polymer Hydrogel as an Artificial ECM

    Physically Forming Crosslinkable Hydrogels

    Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels

    Reversible and Spontaneously Forming Hydrogels

    Rheological Properties of PMBV/PVA Hydrogels

    Control of Cell Proliferation through PMBV/PVA Hydrogels

    Differentiation Induction of Stem Cells Encapsulated in the PMBV/PVA Hydrogels

    Conclusions and Future Perspectives

    References

    "Smart" Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications

    Introduction

    Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: Types, Properties, and Applications

    Processing of Hydrogels

    Final Remarks and Future Trends

    References

    Cell-Encapsulating Polymeric Microgels for Tissue Repair

    Introduction

    Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Cell-Encapsulating Microgels

    Fabrication Methods of Microgels for Cell Encapsulation

    Design Considerations of Microgels for Cell Encapsulation

    The Application of Cell-Encapsulating Microgels for Tissue Repair

    Challenges for Clinical Translation

    Summary and Future Perspectives

    References

    Injection Materials for the Larynx

    Overview

    Anatomy of the Vocal Fold

    Pathologic Changes of the Vocal Fold in Glottal Insufficiency

    General Principles of Injection Laryngoplasty for Vocal Fold Paralysis

    General Characteristics of the Materials Currently Available for Vocal Fold Augmentation

    Ideal Materials for Injection Laryngoplasty

    Summary

    References

    Bionanocrystals in Tissue Engineering Strategies: Tools for Reinforcement, Nanopatterning, and/or Nanostructuring of Polymeric Scaffolds and Hydrogels

    Introduction

    Potential of PNCs in Tissue Engineering Strategies

    Nanopatterned Surfaces

    Nanostructured Films and Coatings

    Porous Foam and Sponge Scaffolds

    Fibrous Nanocomposities

    Hydrogel Nanocomposites

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    ELECTROSPINNING SCAFFOLDS

    Porous Scaffolds Using Dual Electrospinning for in situ Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering

    Introduction: Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering

    Electrospinning

    Cell Infiltration into Electrospun Scaffolds

    Scaffold (An)isotropy

    Controlling Scaffold Porosity

    Mechanical Properties and Degradation Rate

    Conclusions

    References

    Biofunctionalization of Electrospun Fibers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

    Introduction

    Electrospinning Process

    Functionalization of Electrospun Fibers

    Applications

    Conclusions

    References

    Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds

    Introduction

    Electrospinning Process

    Advanced Fabrication Methods

    Applications for Tissue Engineering

    References

    3D PRINTING FOR SCAFFOLDS

    3D Printing of Tissue/Organ Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine

    Overview

    The Modeling of Tissue/Organ Scaffolds

    Material Selection

    Technique Limitations

    Conclusions and Prospects

    References

    3D Printing Technology Applied to Tissue Scaffolds

    Introduction

    3D Printing Methods Applied to Scaffolds

    Summary

    References

    NANO-/BIOCONVERGENCE TECHNOLOGY FOR SCAFFOLDS

    Nanomaterial-Assisted Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medical Therapy

    Introduction

    Potential Risk of Nanomaterials

    Conclusions and Future Perspectives

    References

    Application of Nanodevices in Sensing and Regenerative Medicine

    Introduction

    Fabrication of Nanodevices

    Applications of Nanodevices

    Conclusions

    References

    Micro-/Nanotech-Based Craniofacial Tissue Engineering

    Overview

    Micro-/Nanotech-Based Craniofacial Tissue Engineering

    Conclusions

    References

    Carbon Nanotubes: A Kind of Novel Biomaterials for Scaffolds of Tissue Engineering

    Introduction

    Carbon Nanotubes in Bone Tissue Engineering

    Nerve Tissue Engineering

    The Others

    References

    ACELLULAR NATURAL MATRICES FOR SCAFFOLDS

    Bacteriophage Scaffolds for Functional Assembly of Molecules and Nanomaterials

    Overview

    Phage Display

    Phage Platform for Biological Applications

    Genetic Modification of Phages to Create Inorganic Structures

    Phage Display with Extended Genetic Codes

    Conclusions

    References

    Intelligent Scaffold–Mediated Enhancement of the Viability and Functionality of Transplanted Pancreatic Islets to Cure Diabetes Mellitus

    Overview

    Scaffolds Fabricated with ECM Molecules Decellularized from the Pancreas

    Natural Polymer–Based Scaffolds

    Synthetic Polymer–Based Scaffold

    Natural and Synthetic Polymer Composite–Based Scaffold

    Conclusions

    References

    Extracellular Matrix–Derived Biomaterials: Molecularly Defined Ingredients and Processing Techniques

    Introduction

    Extracellular Matrix

    Molecularly Defined Biomaterials

    Techniques and Major Tools for Scaffolding

    Summary and Future Perspectives

    References

    Biological-Derived Biomaterials for Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

    Introduction

    Stem Cell Engineering

    Biological-Derived Materials

    Summary and Future Direction

    References

    Demineralized Dentin Matrix (DDM) Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Engineering

    History of the Demineralized Dentin Matrix

    Characteristics of Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Repair

    Development of DDM Scaffolds

    DDM Scaffolds with Recombinant Human BMP-2

    Clinical Applications

    Tooth Banks: Present and Future

    References

    Biomimetic Scaffold Fabrication for Tissue Engineering

    Introduction

    Biomimetic 2D Substrate Fabrication

    Biomimetic 2D Substrate Modification

    Biomimetic Surface Modification Methods

    3D Scaffold Fabrication

    Biomimetic Modification of 3D Scaffolds

    Future Direction

    Conclusions

    References

    SCAFFOLDS FOR TARGET ORGANS

    Scaffolds for Tracheal Regeneration

    Structure and Function of the Trachea

    Tissue Engineering for Tracheal Stenosis

    Scaffolds for Tracheal Regeneration

    Cells

    Bioreactors

    Summary

    References

    Bladder Tissue Engineering

    The Urinary Bladder: Function and Structure

    Bladder Reconstruction and Augmentation

    Materials for Bladder Tissue Engineering

    Cell Seeding

    Vascularization

    Stem Cells in Bladder Tissue Engineering

    Animal Studies and Clinical Trials

    Future Perspectives: A Complete Bladder?

    Scaffold Applications for Vascular Tissue Engineering

    Introduction

    Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds

    Collagen and Other Biopolymer Scaffolds

    Decellularized Tissue Scaffolds

    Cell-Based Vascular Tissue Engineering

    In situ "Cell Free" Vascular Tissue Engineering

    Conclusions

    References

    Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering: Achievements and Future Development

    Introduction

    Fundamentals of Annulus Fibrosus

    Cells for Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering

    Scaffolds for Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering

    Growth Stimuli for Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Corneal Endothelium Regeneration: Basic Concepts

    Introduction

    Corneal Endothelium

    Bioengineered Corneal Endothelium

    Conclusions

    References

    DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR SCAFFOLDS

    High-Throughput Screening of Extracellular Matrix–Based Biomaterials

    Basic Principles

    Relation to Materiomics

    Future Perspectives

    Classical Experiment 1: Biomaterial Array

    Classical Experiment 2: Gene Expression Microarrays

    References

    Effect of Scaffolds with Bone Growth Factors on New Bone Formation

    Introduction

    Bone Lengthening in Preclinical Animal Studies

    Growth Factor–/Stem Cell–Mediated Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

    The Use of Scaffolds with or without Growth Factors and Cells for Clinical Trials

    References

    Drugs as Novel Biomaterials for Scaffolds

    Overview

    Drug Repositioning

    Background and Structure of Fragmin and Protamine

    Implications of Drug Repositioning in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

    Conclusions

    References

    FUTURE ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR SCAFFOLDS

    Biocompatible Surface Coatings for Silicone-Based Implants

    Overview

    Surface Oxidation of Silicone Implants

    Surface Coating with Bio-originated Materials

    Surface Coating with Artificial Materials

    Conclusions

    References

    Synthetic/PLGA Hybrid Scaffold for Tissue Regeneration: Update 2015

    Introduction

    Biomaterials for TERM

    Hybrid and Composite Scaffold Biomaterials for TERM

    PLGA/Natural Hybrid Scaffolds in Our Laboratory

    Conclusions

    References

    Biomedical Applications of Silk Fibroin

    Overview

    Silk Fibroin Processing

    Tissue Engineering Application of Silk Fibroin–Based Biomaterial

    Conclusions

    References

    Tissue Fabrication and Regeneration by Cell Sheet Technology

    Overview

    Temperature-Responsive Culture Surface and Cell Sheets

    Fabrication and Regeneration of 3D Tissues Using Cell Sheet Technology

    Automation and Mechanization for Fabrication of 3D Tissues

    Conclusions

    References

    Stem Cell Engineering Using Bioactive Molecules for Bone-Regenerative Medicine

    Overview

    First-Generation Bioactive Molecules: Proteins

    Bioactive Molecules: Peptides

    Bioactive Molecules: Small Molecules

    Conclusions and Outlook

    References

    Biography

    Gilson Khang is a professor at the Department of PolymerNano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University (Korea) and a visiting professor at Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Zhejiang University (China) and the Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine (USA). Dr. Khang was elected as the founding Fellow of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (FTERM) in 2012. He is a member of the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society (TERMIS) and a founding member of the TERMIS-AP chapter, of which he is also the continental chair since 2015. He is also an executive board member of TERMIS Global and since 2016 the TERMIS Global president-elect. From 2004 to 2009, Dr. Khang was editor-in-chief of Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. He has also served as co-editor-in-chief of International Journal of Tissue Regeneration, in addition to being on the editorial board of many reputed scientific journals. He has co-authored/edited 10 books and published around 550 original research papers and 200 editorials, reviews, and book chapters. His major scientific contribution has been to the analysis of natural/synthetic hybrid scaffolds to reduce host inflammation reactions, as well as the commercialization of tissue-engineered cartilage, bone, retinal pigment epithelium, and corneal endothelium.

    This book is a comprehensive treatment of the techniques and technologies required to develop scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications. The authors are some of the leaders in the field, and together these chapters provide up-to-date information on this very important area."

    --Prof. Robert M. Nerem, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

    "At long last, we have a comprehensive source for intelligent scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Gilson Khang, a leader in the field, has partnered with other leading scientists in creating this book, which covers a wide range of materials and topics, from design and production to applications and functionality. This book is a must for the library of all individuals involved in the field."

    --Prof. Anthony Atala, Wake Forest University, USA

    "This book, written by prominent experts in the field, gives an excellent and timely introduction for those entering into the area of tissue engineering. Readers will also find it to be a good, up-to-date review that provides modern techniques for growth factor delivery, along with in vitro and in vivo outcomes, to facilitate understanding of the relationship between physiochemical structure and biological properties."

    --Prof. Jöns Hilborn, Uppsala University, Sweden