1st Edition

Transport Planning and Traffic Safety Making Cities, Roads, and Vehicles Safer

Edited By Geetam Tiwari, Dinesh Mohan Copyright 2016
    386 Pages 114 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    386 Pages
    by CRC Press

    In recognition of the importance of road safety as a major health issue, the World Health Organization has declared 2011-2021 the Decade of Safety Action. Several countries in Europe, North America, and Asia have been successful in reducing fatalities and injuries due to road traffic crashes. However, many low-income countries continue to experience high rates of traffic fatalities and injuries.

    Transport Planning and Traffic Safety: Making Cities, Roads, and Vehicles Safer offers a source book for road safety training courses as well as an introductory textbook for graduate-level courses on road safety taught in engineering institutes. It brings together the international experiences and lessons learned from countries which have been successful in reducing traffic crashes and their applicability in low-income countries. The content is based on lectures delivered during an international course on transportation planning and traffic safety, sponsored annually by the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme (TRIPP) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.

    The book is interdisciplinary and aimed at professionals—traffic and road engineers, vehicle designers, law enforcers, and transport planners. The authors examine trends in performance of OECD countries and highlight the public health and systems approach of traffic safety with the vulnerable road user in focus. Topics include land use (transportation planning, mobility, and safety), safety education and legislation, accident analysis, road safety research, human tolerance to injury, vehicle design, safety in construction zones, safety in urban areas, traffic calming, public transportation, safety laws and policies, and pre-hospital care of the injured.

    Understanding the Road Safety Performance of OECD Countries
    OVERVIEW
    ECONOMIC DETERMINISM: ROAD SAFETY PERFORMANCE AS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME
    RISK SUBSTITUTION: CAR OCCUPANTS ARE AT MUCH LOWER RISK THAN PEDESTRIANS
    POLITICAL ACTION: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS AND INTERVENTIONS
    CONCLUSION: WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

    Road Traffic Injury as a Public Health Problem
    INTRODUCTION
    TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND HUMAN ERROR
    ROAD TRAFFIC INJURY AS A DISEASE
    DEVELOPING INJURY CONTROL MEASURES
    SUMMARY

    Public Health Burden of Road Traffic Injuries
    HEALTH IMPACTS OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
    MAGNITUDE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN OF ROAD TRAFFIC
    MEASURING THE LOCAL BURDEN OF INJURIES

    Land Use—Transportation Planning, Mobility, and Safety
    INTRODUCTION
    ROAD TRAFFIC CRASHES AND LAND USE PLANNING
    CONFLICTS AND TRADE-OFFS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
    TRANSPORT—LAND USE PATTERNS IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
    IMPACT OF TRIP LENGTH AND MODE OF TRAVEL ON FATALITY RISK
    MOBILITY AND SAFETY CONFLICT

    Safety Promotion: Education and Legislation
    INTRODUCTION
    INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT ON ERROR
    LIMITATIONS OF ROAD USERS
    EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
    CONCLUSIONS

    Recording of Traffic Crashes
    INTRODUCTION
    TRAFFIC CRASH DATA
    CONCLUSIONS

    Traffic Conflict Techniques: Some Data to Supplement Accident Analysis
    INTRODUCTION
    SWEDISH TRAFFIC CONFLICTS TECHNIQUE

    Statistical Considerations in Road Safety Research
    INTRODUCTION
    SAMPLING WHAT WE STUDY
    NON-CONSTANT EXPOSURE
    COUNTING RARE EVENTS
    MULTIPLE FACTORS OPERATING IN DIFFERENT PHASES
    INTERVENTION APPROACHES—TACKLE THE WORST CASES
    INTERVENTION APPROACHES—DESIGN OPTIONS
    UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIPS—STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
    STATISTICAL TESTING AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
    CONCLUDING REMARKS

    Speed and Its Effects on Road Traffic Crashes
    INTRODUCTION
    THE EVIDENCE
    SPEED LIMITS
    ROAD STRUCTURE AND SPEED
    CONCLUSIONS

    Human Tolerance to Injury: Role of Biomechanics and Ergonomics
    INTRODUCTION
    METHODS OF BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH
    BIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT INJURIES
    ERGONOMICS
    CONCLUSION

    Safer Vehicle Design
    INTRODUCTION
    ADVANCED METHODOLOGIES
    CONCLUSIONS

    Risk Evaluation and Road Safety
    INTRODUCTION
    RISK INDICATORS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
    RISK INDICATORS IN ROAD TRANSPORT
    MODELS OF ACCIDENT FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY
    CONCLUSION

    Investigating Driving Failures and Their Factors by In-Depth Accident Studies
    INTRODUCTION
    IN-DEPTH ACCIDENT STUDIES AS COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS FOR ROAD SAFETY
    IN-DEPTH STUDY OF POWERED TWO-WHEELER MECHANISMS
    CONCLUSION

    Human Body Models
    INTRODUCTION
    MODELING AND METHODS
    OVERVIEW OF WHOLE BODY MODELS
    DISCUSSION

    Highway Safety in India
    INTRODUCTION
    TRAFFIC CRASHES ON INDIAN HIGHWAYS
    TRAFFIC ON NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND STATE HIGHWAYS
    SAFETY ON NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
    LITERATURE REVIEW
    CONCLUSIONS

    Highway Construction Zone Safety Audit
    INTRODUCTION
    CHALLENGES IN MAINTAINING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ZONE SAFETY
    THE RISKS TO ROAD SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION ZONES
    NEED FOR SAFETY AUDIT
    TASKS INVOLVED IN SAFETY AUDIT
    AUDIT STEPS
    ILLUSTRATION OF AUDIT FOR THE LMNHP
    CONCLUSION

    Road Safety in Urban Areas
    INTRODUCTION
    THE TRADITIONAL "PROFESSIONAL VIEW" OF TRAFFIC SAFETY IN URBAN AREAS
    A SYSTEMIC APPROACH: RISK AND ACCIDENTS
    THE URBAN AREA—A PRODUCT OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
    THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAFE AND UNSAFE ROADS IN URBAN AREAS

    Urban Safety and Mobility
    INTRODUCTION
    URBAN STREETS
    DESIGNING SAFE URBAN STREETS
    INTERSECTIONS
    URBAN ROAD SAFETY AUDIT
    CONCLUSION

    Urban Safety and Traffic Calming
    INTRODUCTION
    TRAFFIC CALMING
    GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

    Public Transport and Safety
    INTRODUCTION
    PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND SAFETY QUALITY OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ENVIRONMENT
    PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN CITIES
    QUALITY OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ENVIRONMENT
    PUBLIC TRANSPORT, MOTORISED TWO-WHEELER, AND POLLUTION TAX
    DEVELOPMENT OF A BUS COMMUTER SAFETY POLICY
    CONCLUSIONS

    Road Safety Management from the National to the Local Level
    INTRODUCTION: THE NEED FOR ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
    ROAD SAFETY POLICY-MAKING
    A REPRESENTATION OF ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
    THE ACTORS (OR STAKEHOLDERS) INVOLVED
    DEVELOPING THE ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
    CAPACITY BUILDING
    CONCLUSION

    Road Safety Law and Policy
    INTRODUCTION: ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA—THE PROBLEM AND ITS CONTEXT
    LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY (NON) RESPONSE
    TRAFFIC SAFETY POLICIES AND ENABLING LEGISLATION
    ROAD SAFETY AND THE COURTS
    CONCLUSION

    Pre-Hospital Care of the Injured
    INTRODUCTION
    ATLS vs. BLS

    Biography

    Geetam Tiwari is coordinator of the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme (TRIPP) at IIT Delhi and MoUD chair professor for transport planning at the Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. She earned a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Roorkee, India, Master of Urban Planning and Policy and a Ph.D. in transport planning and policy from the University of Illinois, Chicago. She has been working in the area of traffic and transport planning, focusing on pedestrians, bicycles, and bus systems. She is editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion.Dinesh Mohan is Volvo chair professor emeritus at the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He earned his Ph.D. degree in biomechanics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His research includes vibrations of anisotropic plates; mechanical properties of human aortic tissue; head, chest, and femur injury tolerance; injuries in human free falls; effectiveness of helmets; and the first evaluation of airbags in real-world crashes. He continues to work on epidemiology of road traffic crashes and injuries in rural India, pedestrians, bicycle and motorcycle crash modeling, and health effects of road transport.