2nd Edition

Dielectrics in Electric Fields Tables, Atoms, and Molecules

By Gorur Govinda Raju Copyright 2017
    796 Pages 467 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Dielectrics in Electric Fields explores the influence of electric fields on dielectric—i.e., non-conducting or insulating—materials, examining the distinctive behaviors of these materials through well-established principles of physics and engineering.

    Featuring five new chapters, nearly 200 new figures, and more than 800 new citations, this fully updated and significantly expanded Second Edition:

    • Analyzes inorganic substances with real-life applications in harsh working conditions such as outdoor, nuclear, and space environments
    • Introduces methods for measuring dielectric properties at microwave frequencies, presenting results obtained for specific materials
    • Discusses the application of dielectric theory in allied fields such as corrosion studies, civil engineering, and health sciences
    • Combines in one chapter coverage of electrical breakdown in gases with breakdown in micrometric gaps
    • Offers extensive coverage of electron energy distribution—essential knowledge required for the application of plasma sciences in medical science
    • Delivers a detailed review of breakdown in liquids, along with an overview of electron mobility, providing a clear understanding of breakdown phenomena
    • Explains breakdown in solid dielectrics such as single crystals, polycrystalline and amorphous states, thin films, and powders compressed to form pellets
    • Addresses the latest advances in dielectric theory and research, including cutting-edge nanodielectric materials and their practical applications
    • Blends early classical papers that laid the foundation for much of the dielectric theory with more recent work

    The author has drawn from more than 55 years of research studies and experience in the areas of high-voltage engineering, power systems, and dielectric materials and systems to supply both aspiring and practicing engineers with a comprehensive, authoritative source for up-to-date information on dielectrics in electric fields.

    Introductory Concepts
    A Dipole
    The Potential Due to a Dipole
    Dipole Moment of a Spherical Charge
    The Laplace Equation
    The Tunneling Phenomenon
    Band Theory of Solids
    Energy Distribution Function
    The Boltzmann Factor
    A Comparison of Distribution Functions
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Polarization and Static Dielectric Constant
    Polarization and Dielectric Constant
    Electronic Polarization
    The Internal Field
    Orientational Polarization
    Debye Equations
    Experimental Verification of Debye Equation
    Spontaneous Polarization
    Onsager Theory
    Theory of Kirkwood
    Dielectric Constant of Two Media
    The Dissipation Factor
    Dielectric Constant of Liquid Mixtures
    Effect of High Electric Fields
    Atomic Polarizability
    Additional Comments on Static Dielectric Constant
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Dielectric Loss and Relaxation—I
    Complex Permittivity
    Polarization Buildup
    Debye Equations
    Bistable Model of a Dipole
    Complex Plane Diagram
    Cole–Cole Relaxation
    Dielectric Properties of Water
    Davidson–Cole Equation
    Macroscopic Relaxation Time
    Molecular Relaxation Time
    Straight-Line Relationships
    Fröhlich’s Analysis
    Fuoss–Kirkwood Equation
    Havriliak and Negami Dispersion
    Dielectric Susceptibility
    Distribution of Relaxation Times
    Kramers–Kronig Relations
    Loss Index and Conductivity
    Additional Comments
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Dielectric Loss and Relaxation—II
    Jonscher’s Universal Law
    Cluster Approach of Dissado and Hill
    Equivalent Circuits
    Interfacial Polarization
    The Absorption Phenomenon
    Frequency Dependence of ε*
    Dielectric Spectra of Engineering Importance
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Experimental Data (Frequency Domain)
    Introduction to Polymer Science
    Nomenclature of Relaxation Processes
    Nonpolar Polymers
    Polar Polymers
    Scaling Methods
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Absorption and Desorption Currents
    Absorption Current in a Dielectric
    Hamon’s Approximation
    Distribution of Relaxation Time and Dielectric Function
    The Williams–Watts Function
    The G (τ) Function for Williams–Watts Current Decay
    Experimental Measurements
    Commercial Dielectrics
    Miscellaneous Polymers
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Inorganic Dielectrics
    Alumina (Al2O3)
    Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)
    Barium–Strontium–Titanate (BST)
    Carborundum (SiC)
    Microwave Ceramics
    Glass
    Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
    High-ε and Low-ε Materials
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Microwave Measurement Methods
    Microwave Measurements
    Resonance and Standing Wave Techniques
    Transmission/Reflection Techniques
    Broadband Measurements
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Dielectrics in Allied Disciplines
    Alternative Representation of Dielectric Parameters
    Impedance Spectroscopy of Fuel Cells
    Impedance Spectra in Medical Science
    Impedance Spectroscopy for Corrosion Studies
    Dielectric Measurements in Agricultural Sciences
    Applications in Electrorheology
    Applications in Civil Engineering
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Field-Enhanced Conduction
    Some General Comments
    Motion of Charge Carriers in Dielectrics
    Ionic Conduction
    Charge Injection into Dielectrics
    Space Charge Phenomenon in Nonuniform Fields
    Conduction in Selected Polymers
    Numerical Computation
    More Recent Publications
    Closing Remarks
    References

    Selected Aspects of Gaseous Breakdown
    Collision Phenomena
    Electron Growth in an Avalanche
    Criteria for Breakdown
    Paschen’s Law
    Breakdown Time Lags
    The Streamer Mechanism
    Field Distortion Due to Space Charge
    Sparkover Characteristics of Uniform Field Gaps in SF6
    Sparkover Characteristics of Long Gaps
    Breakdown Voltages in Air with Alternating Voltages
    Modeling of Discharge Phenomena
    Streamer Formation in Uniform Fields
    The Corona Discharge
    Basic Mechanisms: Negative Corona
    Basic Mechanisms: Positive Corona
    Modeling of Corona Discharge: Continuity Equations
    Nonequilibrium Considerations
    Monte Carlo Simulation: Negative Corona in SF6
    Monte Carlo Simulation: Positive Corona in SF6
    Breakdown in Microscale Gaps
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    High-Field Conduction and Breakdown in Liquids
    High-Field Conduction
    Breakdown Mechanisms
    Partial Discharges
    Crossed Magnetic Field Effects
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics
    Electrons in Solids
    Electronic Theory of Breakdown
    Theory of Von Hippel
    Boggs’ Computations
    Thermal Breakdown
    Water Treeing
    Breakdown in Commercial Polymers
    The Weibull Distribution
    Area Effects in High-Temperature Polymers
    Breakdown Studies in Selected Materials
    Miscellaneous Materials
    Electroluminescence
    References

    Thermally Stimulated Processes
    Traps in Insulators
    Current Due to Thermally Stimulated Depolarization (TSD)
    TSDC for Distribution of Activation Energy
    TSDCs for Universal Relaxation Mechanism
    TSDCs with Ionic Space Charge
    TSDCs with Electronic Conduction
    TSDCs with Corona Charging
    Compensation Temperature
    Methods and Analyses
    TSD and Alternating Current Dielectric Properties
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Space Charge in Solid Dielectrics
    The Meaning of Space Charge
    Polarons and Traps
    A Conceptual Approach
    The Thermal Pulse Method of Collins
    DeReggi’s Analysis
    Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM)
    Pressure Pulse Method
    Experimental Results
    More Recent Literature
    Closing Remarks
    References

    Nanodielectrics
    Materials: General Comments
    Polythene and Selected Nanomaterials
    Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanocomposites
    Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Nanocomposites
    Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites
    Polyamide and Polyimide Nanocomposites
    Selected Polymer Nanocomposites
    Nanodielectrics in the Power Industry
    Space Charge Phenomena in Nanocomposites
    Breakdown in Nanodielectrics
    Concluding Remarks
    References

    Appendices

    Biography

    Gorur Govinda Raju holds a B.Eng from the University of Bangalore (India) and a Ph.D from the University of Liverpool (UK). He joined the University of Windsor (Ontario, Canada) in 1980 and became professor and head of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department during 1989–97 and 2000–2002. He has been on the board and program committee of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena for many years, and is currently a lifetime emeritus professor at the University of Windsor. Professor Raju has been an electrical power and dielectric phenomena consultant to the government of India, Detroit Edison Co., and several other organizations. He has published four engineering books, a novel, and more than 150 papers in international journals and conference proceedings. His experimental and theoretical contributions to gaseous electronics and dielectric phenomena continue to be cited in numerous research papers.

    "An impressive monograph that can also serve as a textbook. For students in physics or materials science, it brings fundamental knowledge required by the curricula. For electrical engineers, it provides useful information on the practical applications of dielectrics. For scientists, it suggests directions for further research. … The approach and the selection of the topics that compose this book are those of a professor who is eager to give to his students or younger coworkers a condensed knowledge of the field, but also to incite them for further reading. … I would like to have this book on my shelf, as it contains the answers to questions that our research group may have on the characteristics of dielectric materials that we use to build our devices or are the object of the electrostatic processes that we study. … Recognized as a top scientist in the field of dielectrics, Professor Raju turns out to be an excellent teacher too. He has the talent to explain why each new element of knowledge he introduces in his book might be of interest not only to the researcher, but also to the electrical engineer."
    —Lucian Dascalescu, University of Poitiers, France

    "… provides an excellent digest of dielectrics in electric fields. The study of dielectrics is rather multidisciplinary—their response requires a good understanding of physics, the materials are often complicated and require an understanding of chemistry and materials science, and the applications and the development of the testing techniques lie in the hands of engineers. The book crosses these discipline areas with ease, taking the reader from first principles to the present in a coherent and comprehensive way. The coverage is wide without being at the expense of the necessary detail and clarity. I would certainly recommend this book both for graduate classes and, indeed, for researchers at all levels in this field."
    —John Fothergill, City University London, UK

    "… describes the huge variety of processes and fundamental phenomena in the domain of dielectrics in electric fields in a well-structured and systematic way."
    —Sergey Pancheshnyi, ABB Corporate Research, Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland

    "… well thought out and prepared similarly to its earlier edition, with the inclusion of some new material. The order of the chapters is quite logical and makes the reader comprehend the rather complex dielectric phenomena easier. There are not many books on dielectric materials, and clearly Professor Raju’s book is one of the better ones."
    —Huseyin R. Hiziroglu, Kettering University, Flint, Michigan, USA

    "... provides an extensive review of the seminal literature in this area. The author brings his deep understanding of the physics of dielectrics to provide a cohesive narrative to the findings. ... This book is a useful addition for my own perusal as well as for reference for my students in this area of study."
    —Dr. Nandini Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

    "… a good overview and introduction to dielectrics, … not restricted to solids. It is generally written well and fundamental relationships are derived in a way that can be easily understood by a beginner. It also focuses more on specific material examples."
    —Thomas Christen, ABB Corporate Research, Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland