1st Edition

Handbook of Anatomical Models for Radiation Dosimetry

Edited By Xie George Xu, Keith F. Eckerman Copyright 2009
    757 Pages 31 Color & 379 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Over the past few decades, the radiological science community has developed and applied numerous models of the human body for radiation protection, diagnostic imaging, and nuclear medicine therapy. The Handbook of Anatomical Models for Radiation Dosimetry provides a comprehensive review of the development and application of these computational models, known as "phantoms."

    An ambitious and unparalleled project, this pioneering work is the result of several years of planning and preparation involving 64 authors from across the world. It brings together recommendations and information sanctioned by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and documents 40 years of history and the progress of those involved with cutting-edge work with Monte Carlo Codes and radiation protection dosimetry. This volume was in part spurred on by the ICRP’s key decision to adopt voxelized computational phantoms as standards for radiation protection purposes. It is an invaluable reference for those working in that area as well as those employing or developing anatomical models for a a number of clinical applications.

    Assembling the work of nearly all major phantom developers around the world, this volume examines:

    • The history of the research and development in computational phantoms
    • Detailed accounts for each of the well-known phantoms, including the MIRD-5, GSF Voxel Family Phantoms, NCAT, UF Hybrid Pediatric Phantoms, VIP-Man, and the latest ICRP Reference Phantoms
    • Physical phantoms for experimental radiation dosimetry
    • The smallest voxel size (0.2 mm), phantoms developed from the Chinese Visible Human Project

    • Applications for radiation protection dosimetry involving environmental, nuclear power plant, and internal contamination exposures

    • Medical applications, including nuclear medicine therapy, CT examinations, x-ray radiological image optimization, nuclear medicine imaging, external photon and proton treatments, and management of respiration in modern image-guided radiation treatment
    • Patient-specific phantoms used for radiation treatment planning involving two Monte Carlo code systems: GEANT4 and EGS
    • Future needs for research and development

    Related data sets are available for download on the authors’ website. The breadth and depth of this work enables readers to obtain a unique sense of the complete scientific process in computational phantom development, from the conception of an idea, to the identification of original anatomical data, to solutions of various computing problems, and finally, to the ownership and sharing of results in this groundbreaking field that holds so much promise.

    Part I

    Computational Phantoms for Radiation Dosimetry: A 40 Year History of Evolution, X. G. Xu

    Stylized Computational Phantoms Developed at ORNL and Elsewhere, K. F. Eckerman, J. W. Poston Sr., W. E. Bolch, and X. G. Xu

    The GSF Voxel Computational Phantom Family, M. Zankl

    The ADELAIDE Teenage Female Voxel Computational Phantom, M. Caon, G. Bibbo, and J. E. Pattison

    The MCAT, NCAT, XCAT, and MOBY Computational Human and Mouse Phantoms, W. P. Segars and B. M. W. Tsui

    The 3D and 4D VIP-Man Computational Phantoms, X. G. Xu, T.-C. E. Chao, A. Bozkurt, C. Shi, and J. Zhang

    The FAX06 and the MAX06 Computational Voxel Phantoms, R. Kramer, H. J. Khoury, J. W. Vieira, V. J. de Melo Lima, E. C. de Miranda Loureiro, G. Hoff, and I. Kawrakow

    The University of Florida Pediatric Phantom Series, C. Lee, D. L. Lodwick, D. H. Pafundi, S. R. Whalen, J. L. Williams, and W. E. Bolch

    Japanese Computational Phantoms: Otoko, Onago, JM, JM2, JF, TARO, HANAKO, Pregnant Woman, and Deformable Child, K. Saito, K. Sato, S. Kinase, and T. Nagaoka

    Korean Computational Phantoms: KMIRD, KORMAN, KORWOMAN, KTMAN-1, KTMAN-2, and HDRK-Man, C. Lee and C. H. Kim

    Chinese Voxel Computational Phantoms: CNMAN, VCH, and CVP, B. Zhang, J. Ma, G. Zhang, Q. Liu, R. Qiu, and J. Li

    Pregnant Female/Fetus Computational Phantoms and the Latest RPI-P Series Representing 3, 6, and 9 Months Gestational Periods, X. G. Xu, C. Shi, M. G. Stabin, and V. Taranenko

    The Vanderbilt University Reference Adult and Pediatric Phantom Series, M. G. Stabin, M. A. Emmons-Keenan, W. P. Segars, and M. J. Fernald

    Mesh-Based and Anatomically Adjustable Adult Phantoms and a Case Study in Virtual Calibration of Lung Counter for Female Workers, Y. H. Na, J. Zhang, A. Ding, and X. G. Xu

    The ICRP Reference Computational Phantoms, M. Zankl, K. F. Eckerman, and W. E. Bolch

    Physical Phantoms for Experimental Radiation Dosimetry, D. E. Hintenlang, W. E. Moloney, and J. Winslow

    Part II

    Applications to Environmental Exposures, N. Petoussi-Henss and K. Saito

    Applications to External Radiation Exposures in Nuclear Power Plants, W. D. Reece, C. H. Kim, and X. G. Xu

    Applications to Bioassay for Internal Radiation Contamination, G. H. Kramer

    Applications to Nuclear Medicine, M. G. Stabin and M. Bardiès

    Applications to Computed Tomography for Pediatric Patients, W. E. Bolch, C. Lee, C. Lee, J. Hurtado, and J. L. Williams

    Applications to Computed Tomography for Adult Patients, J. J. DeMarco and M. McNitt-Gray

    Applications to Optimization of X-Ray Radiographic Imaging, B. Yazıcı, I.-Y. Son, A. Jin, and X. G. Xu

    Applications to Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Dosimetry Involving MCAT, NCAT, and MOBY Phantoms, B. M. W. Tsui and W. P. Segars

    Applications to Secondary Radiation Dosimetry in External Beam Radiation Therapy, H. Paganetti

    Applications to Image-Guided Radiation Treatment Planning, C. Shi, M. Fuss, N. Papanikolaou, and X. G. Xu

    Dose Calculations in Radiation Therapy Based on Patient Models Using the Geant4 Monte Carlo Code, H. Paganetti

    Applications to Patient-Specific Voxel Computational Phantoms in EGS Monte Carlo Codes for Radiation Treatment Involving Photons and Electrons, C.-M. C. Ma

    Applications to Nonionizing Radiation Protection, J. Chen, W. Kainz, and D. Wu

    Summary and Future Needs Related to Computational Phantoms, X. G. Xu, M. G. Stabin, W. E. Bolch, and W. P. Segars

    About the Contributors

    Index

    Biography

    Dr. X. George Xu is a professor of nuclear engineering and biomedical engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York. Dr. Keith F. Eckerman is the leader of the Dosimetry Research Team in the Environmental Science Division at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).