1st Edition

Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharides

By N. K. Mathur Copyright 2012
    188 Pages 9 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    187 Pages 9 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Quite possibly the first comprehensive text on galactomannans, Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharides compiles information on their industrial uses in the form of gums including locust bean, guar, tara, fenugreek, cassia-tara, and Sesbania-bisipinasa varieties. The book describes how galactomannans are currently produced commercially and how they have become industrial commodities. It provides a simple and clear introduction to these vital substances, it compares their various sources.

    Highlights

    • General chapters on carbohydrates, hydrocolloids and associated rheology, interactions of galactomannans, and derivatization of polysaccharides
    • A brief history of each product gum, cultivation of the plant sources, seed, habitat, chemical structure, functional properties, manufacturing processes, and applications
    • Special focus on the most representative galactomannans: guar and locust bean gums

    An in-depth compilation of industrial galactomannans information, this book is designed for the manufacturers, traders, and end users of galactomannans, as well as technologists in polysaccharides-related industries and scientists and academics interested in carbohydrates.

    General Introduction to Carbohydrates
    Carbohydrates, the Primary Products of Photosynthesis
    Relative Abundance of Common Carbohydrates
    Classification of Carbohydrates
    Photosynthesis of Carbohydrates
    Conformation of Polysaccharides
    Functions of Polysaccharides
    Further Readings

    Galactomannan Polysaccharides
    Introduction
    Biological Functions of Galactomannans and Their Classification
    Biosynthetic Route for the Formation of Galactomannan Polysaccharides in Plants
    Galactomannan-Bearing Plants
    General Structural Features of Legume Pods and Seeds
    Commercial Production of Galactomannans
    General Chemical Structural Features of Galactomannan Gums
    Glucomannans
    Commercial Need of Galactomannans Having Different Functional Properties
    Future Prospects

    Hydrocolloids or Gums
    Defining a Colloidal System, Polymeric and Nonpolymeric Colloids
    Polymeric Colloidal Systems and the Size of Colloidal Particles
    Reversible and Irreversible Colloidal Systems: Hydrocolloids
    Chemical Structure of Polysaccharide Hydrocolloids
    Polydispersibility and Conformation of Hydrocolloids
    Functional Properties of Hydrocolloids and Their Structure–Function Correlation
    Structure–Solubility Relationship in Hydrocolloids
    Interaction of Hydrocolloids and Water
    Binding of Molecular Clusters of Water by Hydrocolloids
    Gels as Colloidal Systems and Gel Forming Hydrocolloids
    Synergy among Hydrocolloids
    Emulsification by Hydrocolloids
    Applications of Galactomannan Hydrocolloids in Food and Nonfood Industries

    Interactions of Galactomannans
    Introduction
    Types of Interactions of Galactomannans
    Configurational Differences between Glucose Polymers and Galactomannan Polymers
    Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Carbohydrates
    Synergic Increase in Viscosity and Gelling of Galactomannans with Other Polysaccharides
    Super Entanglement of Galactomannan
    High Surfactant Activity of Fenugreek Galactomannan
    Adsorption of Galactomannans on Hydrophilic Solids: Applications in the Paper Industry
    Galactomannans As a Depressant/Flocculent in Nonferrous Mineral Beneficiation
    Modulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism
    Formation of Fused, Five-Member Ring by Cis-Pair of Hydroxyl Groups in Galactomannans
    Interaction with Cross-Linking Agents and Its Applications
    Cross-Linking with Transition Metal Ions
    Interaction with Racemic Mixtures Involving Chiral-Selective Interactions of Galactomannans
    Moisturizing Action and Gelling of Glucomannan Polysaccharide in Aloe vera Plant

    Rheology of Hydrocolloids
    Introduction
    Rheology of Hydrocolloid Sols
    Viscosity Defined
    Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids: Pseudoplasticity
    Thixotropic Fluids
    Hydration and Solubility of Polysaccharides
    Dependence of Viscosity of Polymeric Molecules on Their Size, Shape, and Conformation
    Effect of Charge on the Viscosity of Linear Polymer
    Gel Formation and Viscoelasticity
    Rheology Measuring Instruments and Methodology

    Derivatization of Polysaccharides
    Introduction
    Difference between the Whole Seed Powder and an Industrial Polysaccharide
    Need for Modification or Derivatization of Polysaccharides
    Polysaccharide Derivatives
    Approval of Derivatized Polysaccharides as Food Additives
    Production of Galactomannan Derivatives
    Reactivity of Various Hydroxyl Groups of a Polysaccharide during a Derivatization Reaction
    Degree of Substitution and Molecular Substitution
    Why Was Derivatization Technology Developed?
    Derivatization Using Gum Powder (Carboxymethylation)
    Derivatization Using Guar Split
    Polysaccharide Derivatives Currently Being Manufactured and Patented
    Common Derivatizing Reagents and Reactions
    Determination of Degree of Substitution
    Typical Methods for Determination of DS
    Preparation of Common Derivatizing Reagents

    Guar Gum: The Premium Galactomannan
    Introduction and Transdomestication of Guar Crop
    Guar Seed As a Source of an Industrial Galactomannan Gum
    Development of Guar Crop As the Source of an Industrial Galactomannan
    Estimates of Guar Gum Production and Its Consumption
    General Structural Features of Guar Galactomannan
    Guar Gum or Guaran: A Galactomannan Polysaccharide
    Development of Guar Seed Processing Technology in India
    Newer Developments and Export of Processed Guar Products from India
    Guar Crop Agronomy and Economics
    Guar Plant
    Marketing and Export
    Biotechnological Aspects
    Nutritional Aspects of Guar Seed Protein
    Chemical and Structural Studies of Galactomannans
    Fine Structure of Guar Galactomannan
    Some Physicochemical Properties of Guar Gum
    Manufacture of Guar Gum from Seed
    Production of Guar Split
    Production of Guar Gum Powder from Guar Splits
    Modified Guar Gum Products
    Guar Gum Derivatives
    Testing and Quality Control of Guar Gum Products
    Rheology of Guar Gum Pastes
    Factors Influencing Viscosity of Guar Gum Solutions
    Super Entanglement of Guar Galactomannan Molecules
    Solubility and Hydration Rate of Guar Gum
    Specific Interactions of Mannan Chain in Guar Gum and Its Applications
    Uses and Applications of Guar Gum

    Locust Bean Gum, or Carob Gum
    Historical Introduction
    Carob Tree
    Carob Seed, the Traditional Source of a Galactomannan Gum
    Carob Gum or Locust Bean Gum
    Agronomy of Carob Tree
    Regional Considerations
    Important Carob Plantation Regions in the world
    Manufacturing of Locust Bean Gum
    Flow Sheet Showing Various Steps of Manufacturing LBG
    Potential Amounts of Marketable LBG and Price Variation
    Functional Properties of LBG
    Rheology of LBG
    Mechanism of Binary Gel Formation with LBG
    Specific Structural Features of LBG
    Fine Structure of LBG
    Molecular Conformation of LBG
    Solubility Behavior of Commercial LBG
    Preparation of LBG Solution or Paste and Structure–Solubility Correlation
    Synergism of Viscosity and Binary Gel Formation
    Binary Gelling Substitutes of Locust Bean Gum
    Substitutes for Locust Bean Gum
    Cross-Linking Reactions and Interactions of LBG with Other Polysaccharides
    Modifications and Derivatization of LBG
    Applications and Uses of LBG

    Fenugreek Gum: The New Food Galactomannan
    Introduction
    Factors That Influence Commercialization of Potential Polysaccharide Gums
    Fenugreek Galactomannan As an Emerging Industrial Polysaccharide
    Fenugreek Crop
    Composition of Fenugreek Seed
    Manufacturing of Fenugreek Galactomannan Gum
    Dry versus Wet Methods of Extraction of Seed Galactomannans
    Need to Adopt Dry Processing for Commercial Manufacturing Fenugreek Gum
    Chemical Structure of Fenugreek Galactomannan
    Conformation of Fenugreek Galactomannan
    Physical Properties and Rheology of Fenugreek Gum
    Surface Activity and Emulsifying Property of Fenugreek Gum
    Medicinal and Other Uses of Fenugreek Gum

    Tara Gum: An Exclusive Food Additive with Limited Production
    Introduction
    Tara Tree
    Tara Gum
    Structural Features of Tara Gum
    Manufacture of Tara Gum
    Applications of Tara Gum
    Can India Develop an Equivalent of Tara Gum from Cassia fistula Gum?

    Cassia tora Gum: An Emerging Commercial Galactomannan
    Introduction
    Commercially Produced Galactomannan Gums
    Chemical Structure of Cassia tora Gum
    Dependence of the Functional Properties of Galactomannans on Their M:G Ratio
    Gelling Gums
    Mechanism of Binary Gelling
    Common Toxic Constituents in Legume Seeds
    Anthraquinone Pigments in Legume Seeds
    Cassia tora Crop
    Cassia tora Seed
    Cassia tora Gum and Its Structure
    Rheology of Cassia tora Gum
    GRAS Specification and E Numbers for Food Additives
    Present Status of CT Gum

    Miscellaneous, Less Common Galactomannans and Glucomannans
    Introduction
    Cassia fistula Tree
    Cassia fistula Seed Gum: Need to Explore Production and Commercialization
    Extraction of Cassia fistula Seed Gum: Dry Grinding and Wet Extraction Methods
    Functional Properties of Cassia fistula Gum
    Structural Features of Cassia fistula Galactomannan
    Why Explore and Commercialize Cassia fistula Gum?
    What Can Be the Possible Uses of Cassia fistula Gum?
    Galactomannan from Pods of Prosopis juliflora
    Glucomannan Polysaccharides
    Konjak Glucomannan
    Uses and Applications of Konjak Glucomannan
    Aloe vera Glucomannan
    Aloe vera Glucomannan, Gel or Fluid

    Biography

    The author (Dr. N.K.Mathur) of this book retired as Chairman and Professor, Department of Chemistry, JNV. University at Jodhpur-3, India. Dr. Mathur has carried extensive research in varied fields of chemistry, particularly on polysaccharides. He has worked as a consultant and adviser for galactomannan industries. He has helped in "Human resource development" and carried "Industrial research’ on polysaccharides. He has visited several countries world-over, and lectured in seminars/ symposium. He has authored over one hundred research papers, reviews and science article and international monographs.