1st Edition

Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment

    568 Pages 176 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    568 Pages 176 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment describes experimental and theoretical studies on the effects of rocket burns and launchings on the near-the-Earth environment and geomagnetic fields. It illuminates the main geophysical and radiophysical effects on the ionosphere and magnetosphere surrounding the Earth that accompany rocket or cosmic apparatus burns and launchings from 1,000 to 10,000 kilometers.

    The book analyzes the disturbances of plasma and the ambient magnetic and electric fields in the near-Earth environment from rocket burns and launchings from Russia, Kazakhstan, the United States, China, France, and other global space centers. Describing the radiophysical effects of rocket burn and launching in the middle and upper ionosphere, it focuses on the ecological consequences of space exploration—detailing methods for eliminating the harmful effects of space exploration.

    Measurements for the studies presented in the book were carried out using numerous radiophysical methods and techniques, including HF Doppler radar, incoherent and coherent scatter radar systems, microwave radar, magnetometer, and optical instrumentation and spectroscopy.

    The book analyzes the effects of rocket burns and launchings from 1975 to 2010 in worldwide launch campaigns. This book is an ideal reference for scientists in geophysics and radiophysics, specialists in rocket launching, and ecologists. It is also suitable as a fundamental handbook for graduate and postgraduate students taking physics and cosmic sciences courses at the university level.

    DIAGNOSTICS OF PLASMA PERTURBATIONS BY USING DOPPLER RADIO SOUNDING

    Perturbations in the Ionosphere Caused by Rocket Launches
    Overview
    Properties and Parameters of the Lower, Middle, and Outer Ionospheres
    Peculiarities of the Interaction of Moving SVs with the Ionosphere
    Cosmodromes and Types of Rockets
    Large-Scale Perturbations in RL and Flight—Doppler Spectra Analysis
    Global Perturbations in Rocket Flights and SV Maneuvers
    Global Perturbations during Landing of SVs
    Discussion of Results
         Large-Scale Disturbances 
         Global Disturbances 
         Global Effects during Landing of SVs
    Main Results
    References

    Perturbations in the Background of a Magnetic Storm
    Overview 
         Magnetic Storm Phenomenon 
         Perturbation of the Ambient Geomagnetic Field by a Moving SV
    Results of Observations Using Different Radiophysical Techniques 
         Partial Reflection Method 
         Doppler Sounding Method
    Discussions on the Result of Observations
         Effects at the F-Region of the Ionosphere 
         Effects in the D-Region of the Ionosphere
    Main Results
    References

    Wave Disturbance Transport Caused by Rocket Launches Accompanied by Solar Terminator
    Overview
    Results of Observations 
         Rocket Launches 
         Passage of the Solar Terminator
    Results of Statistical Analysis 
         Rocket Launches 
         Passing of the Solar Terminator
    Transportation of Perturbations—Types of Waves 
         Acoustic Gravity Waves 
         Slow MHD Waves 
         Gyrotropic Waves 
         Magnetic-Gradient Waves
    Discussion of Results 
         Passing of Solar Terminator 
         Rocket Launches 
         Magnitude of Disturbance
    Main Results
    References

    DIAGNOSTICS Of PLASMA WAVE DISTURBANCES BY INCOHERENT SCATTER AND DOPPLER RADARS

    Perturbations in the Middle and Outer Ionosphere
    Overview
    Method of Identification of Wave Disturbances 
         Method of IS 
         Method of Doppler Sounding
    Processes in the Ionosphere That Accompany Soyuz Launch 
         Observations on Use of ISR 
         Observations by the DR
    Processes in the Ionosphere Accompanying Space Shuttle Launch 
         Observations by the ISR
         Observations by the DR
    Processes in the Ionosphere Accompanying Delta Launch 
         Observations by the ISR 
         Observations by the DR
    Discussion of Results 
         Soyuz Launch 
         Space Shuttle Launch 
         Start of SV Delta
    Main Results
    References

    Results of Similar Types of Experiments
    Overview
    Method of Identification of Wave Disturbances
    Results of Observation of RLs from Russian Territory 
         Soyuz Launch on October 18, 2003 
         Soyuz Launch on December 27, 2003 
         Soyuz Launch on January 29, 2004 
         Soyuz Launch on May 25, 2004 
         Proton Launch on December 10, 2003
         Proton Launch on March 15, 2004 
         Proton Launch on June 17, 2004 
         Proton Launch on October 29, 2004 
         Proton Launch on February 3, 2005 
         Proton Launch on March 29, 2005
    Results and Discussions 
         Soyuz Launch on October 18, 2003 
         Soyuz Launch on December 27, 2003 
         Soyuz Launch on January 29, 2004 
         Soyuz Launch on May 25, 2004 
         Proton Launch on December 10, 2003 
         Proton Launch on March 15, 2004 
         Proton Launch on June 17, 2004 
         Proton Launch on October 10, 2004 
         Proton Launch on February 3, 2005 
         Proton Launch on March 29, 2005
    References

    Cluster Diagnostics of Plasma Disturbances
    Overview
    Techniques and Methodology
    Conditions of Space Weather
    Results of Measurements and Signal Processing 
         Spatiotemporal Characteristics 
         Results of Spectral Analysis
    Results and Discussions
    Major Results
    References

    System Spectral Analysis of Plasma and Geomagnetic Perturbations
    Overview
    Spectral Analysis of Temporal Series
         General Presentation of the Adaptive Fourier Transform 
         Resolution of the Signal Spectrum in the Period and Time Domains 
         Peculiarities of the Adaptive Fourier Transform
    Condition of the Space Weather
    Results of Modeling of the Processes
    Methods and Techniques of Experimental Studies
    Results of Experimental Studies 
         Sounding of the Ionosphere by Doppler Radar 
         Sounding of the Ionosphere by Incoherent Scatter Radar 
         Magnetometric Observations of WDs in the Ionosphere
    Results of the Spectral Analysis of Experimental Data
         Method of Doppler Sounding 
         Method of Incoherent Scattering 
         Spectral Analysis by Using a Magnetometer
    Discussion of the Results 
         Effects of the Rocket Launches 
              Radiophysical Methods 
              Magnetometric Technique 
         Effects of the Solar Terminator
    Major Results
    References

    DIAGNOSTICS OF GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES

    Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Russian Cosmodromes
    Rocket Launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome 
         Overview 
         Method of Analysis 
         Level of Magnetic Perturbations 
         Results of Observations 
              Soyuz Launch 
              Proton Launches 
         Results of the Statistical Analysis 
         Theoretical Models 
              General Information 
              Mechanisms of Geomagnetic Disturbance Generation 
              Modulation of the Ionospheric Currents 
              Excitation of Charged Particles by Waves 
         Results and Discussions
    Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Plesetsk Cosmodrome 
         Overview 
         The Level of Magnetic Perturbation
         Results of Observations 
              Rokot Launch 
              Cosmos-3M Launch 
              Soyuz Launch 
              Molnia Launch 
         Results of Statistical Analysis 
         Results and Discussions
    Main Results
    References

    Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Cosmodromes Worldwide
    Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Chinese Cosmodromes
         Overview 
         Level of Magnetic Perturbation 
         Results of Observation 
         Results of Statistical Analysis 
         Results of Spectral Analysis 
         Results and Discussions
    Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Cape Canaveral and Kourou Cosmodromes 
         Overview 
         Level of Magnetic Perturbations 
         Results of Observation 
              Ariane-5 Launch 
              Space Shuttle Launch 
         Results of Spectral Analysis 
         Results of Statistical Analysis 
         Results and Discussions
    Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Various Cosmodromes Worldwide 
         Overview 
         Methods of Analysis 
         Results of Observations 
         Results of Statistical Analysis
    Results and Discussions
    Main Results
    References

    Peculiarities of Magneto-Ionospheric Effects during Launch of a Group of Rockets
    Overview
    Description of Active Experiments
    Methods of Analysis
    Condition of the Space Weather
    Results of Observations of Launches in Russia 
         Molnia-M Launch 
         Rokot Launch 
         Sineva Launch 
         Topol Launch
    Results and Discussions 
         Effects of the Ionosphere 
         Effects in the Geomagnetic Field
    Main Results
    References

    ROCKET BURN AND LAUNCH AND RADIO COMMUNICATION

    Modification of the Ionosphere Caused by Rocket and Space Vehicle Burn and Launch
    Overview
    Geophysical Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch Compared to Those Observed in Active-Space Experiments and Associated with Natural Phenomena 
         Observations of Effects Caused by Rocket Burn and Launch
              Ionospheric Plasma Perturbations Caused by Rocket Burn and Launch 
              Specific Features of Plasma Disturbance Generation by Rocket Burn and Launch 
              Special Releases Related to Rocket Burns and Launches
    Experimental Observations of the Effects Associated with Artificially Injected Clouds and Pump Radio Waves 
         Injection of Ion Clouds from Geophysical Rockets 
         Observation of Heating-Induced Plasma Structures
    Similarity between Natural Phenomena and Those Observed in Active-Space Experiments 
         Observation of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles 
         Meteor-Induced HE-Inhomogeneities in Middle- Latitude Ionosphere 
         Natural Plasma Depletions Generated during Magnetic Storms
    Main Results
    References

    Theoretical Aspects of Plasma Structure Creation Associated with Rocket Burn and Launch
    Overview
    Evolution of Rocket-Induced Plasma Structures
    in the Ionosphere
    Infringement of Ionization–Recombination Balance by Rocket Burn and Launch in the Ionosphere 
         Processes in the D-Layer and Lower E-Layer of the Ionosphere 
         Processes in the Upper E-Layer and the F-Layer of the Ionosphere
    Plasma Enhancements and Depletions Induced by Rocket Burn and Launch in the Ionosphere 
         D-Layer of the Ionosphere 
         Upper E-Layer and F-Layer of the Ionosphere
    Generation of Plasma Instabilities in the Ionosphere by Rocket Burn and Launch 
         Plasma Instability Generation in the Upper F-Layer Depletion Zones 
         Plasma Instabilities Generated in the D-Layer by Rocket Release 
              Recombination Instabilities 
               Kinetic Instability 
         Plasma Instabilities Generated in the Upper E-Layer to the Upper F-Layer by Rocket Release 
              Current-Convective Instability 
              Gradient-Drift Instability 
              Two-Stream Instability 
              Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
    Generation of Plasma Turbulences in the Ionosphere by Rocket Burn and Launch
         Evolution of Plasma Irregularities/Turbulences in the Lower Ionosphere Associated with Rocket Release and Burn 
              Role of Chemical Reactions and Heating- Induced Instabilities in Plasma Structure Creation 
              Role of Turbulence in Plasma Disturbance Generation and Damping 
         Evolution of Plasma Irregularities in Middle and Upper Ionosphere Associated with Rocket Releases
    Main Results
    References

    Influence of Rocket Burn and Launch on Ionospheric Radio Communication
    Overview
    Spectral Branches, Resonances, and Waves in the Ionospheric Plasma 
         Key Definitions and Characteristics 
         Spectral Branches and Resonances in Two- Component Cold Plasma 
              Two-Component Collisionless Cold Plasma 
              Two-Component Collisional Cold Plasma
    Wave Types in Nonisothermal Multicomponent Ionospheric Plasma Perturbed by Rocket Engine and Plume Exhaust Gases 
         Multicomponent Isothermal Collisional Plasma 
         Nonisothermal Warm Plasma
    Ionospheric Guiding Effects for EFL/ VLF/ LF-Range Radio Wave Propagation
    Capturing MF/HF-Range Radio Waves into Waveguide Created in Layered, Perturbed Ionosphere
    Propagation of HF/VHF/UHF-Range Radio Waves in Perturbed Ionosphere 
         Effects of Global and Large-Scale Irregular Structures on MF/HF/VHF-Range Radio Wave Propagation
         Effects of Moderate- and Small-Scale Irregularities
    Filled Perturbed Ionospheric Regions on HF/ VHF/ UHF-Range Radio Wave Propagation
    Attenuation of HF/VHF-Range Radio Waves in Perturbed Ionosphere
    Doppler Frequency Shift and HF/VHF/UHF-Range Radio Wave Spread
    Depolarization of HF/VHF/UHF-Band Radio Waves
    Main Results
    References

    VECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN NEAR-THE-EARTH SPACE ACTIVITY

    Ecological Aspects of Rocket Burns and Launches
    Overview
    Influence of RLs on the Planet’s Surface 
         About Cosmodromes and Rockets 
         Fall of the First Stages of Rockets 
         Fall of SV Fragments
    Influence of Rocket Burn and Launch on Near-the-Earth Atmosphere 
         Effects in the Atmosphere 
         Influence on the Weather and Climate 
         Distortion of the Ozonosphere
    Influence of Cosmic Activity on Geospace 
         General Effects 
              Objective 
              Gas Injection 
              Energy Injection 
         Space Debris
    Minimization of Ecological Damage 
         Overview 
         Problems in Minimization of Ecological Damage
    Conclusions and Suggestions
    References

    Appendix

    Index

    Biography

    Nathan Blaunstein was born in Moldova, former USSR, in 1948. He received MS degrees in radio physics and electronics from Tomsk University, Tomsk, former Soviet Union, in 1972, and PhD and DS and professor degrees in radio physics and electronics from the Institute of Geomagnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation (IZMIR), Academy of Science USSR, Moscow, Russia, in 1985 and 1991, respectively. From 1979 to 1984, he was an engineer and a lecturer, and then, from 1984 to 1992, a senior scientist, an associate professor, and a professor at Moldavian University, Beltsy, Moldova. From 1993 he was a researcher of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and a visiting professor in the Wireless Cellular Communication Program at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Since April 2001, he has been an associate professor, and in 2005, a full professor in the Department of Communication Systems Engineering. Dr. Blaunstein has published ten books, two special chapters in handbooks on applied engineering and applied electrodynamics, six manuals, and over 190 articles in radio and optical physics, communication, and geophysics. His research interests include problems of radio and optical wave propagation, diffraction, reflection, and scattering in various media (sub-soil medium, terrestrial environments, troposphere, and ionosphere) for purposes of optical communication and radio and optical location, aircraft, mobile-satellite, and terrestrial wireless communications and networking.