1st Edition

Laser Spectroscopy Techniques and Applications

By E. Roland Menzel Copyright 1994
    320 Pages
    by CRC Press

    This work describes experimental techniques using laser spectroscopy and presents specific practical applications for this technology in many fields, including physics, engineering, chemistry, medicine and bioscience. The general spectroscopic features of molecules are delineated; transition metal and rare earth complexes are examined; and transition selection rules are explained.

    Preface

    Introduction

    Interaction of Light with Molecules - An Overview

    Overview of molecular energy levels

    Transition selection rules and spectra

    Selection rules

    Spectra

    Lifetimes

    Polarization

    Fluorescence anisotropy

    Raman scattering

    Selection rules

    Intermolecular energy transfer

    Transition metals and rare earths

    d-d transitions

    The ligand field

    f-f transitions

    General principles of laser operation

    Concluding remarks

    Components of Spectroscopic Instrumentation

    Absorption spectrophotometers

    Spectrofluorometers

    Synchronous luminescence spectroscopy

    Components of spectroscopic instrumentation

    The light source

    Monochromator gratings

    Photomultiplier tubes

    Filters

    Signal processing electronics

    The lock-in amplifier

    The photon counter

    The boxcar average

    Light modulators

    The acousto-optic modulator

    The electro-optic modulator

    Imaging devices

    Optical multichannel analyzers

    Image intensifiers

    Concluding remarks

    Adsorption-Based Laser Spectroscopy

    Modified absorption techniques with lasers

    Differential absorption

    Differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL)

    Methane sensing at ground level

    Intracavity absorption-based techniques

    Concluding remarks

    Photoluminescence Intensity-Based Laser Spectroscopy

    Modified fluorescence techniques with lasers

    Laser fluorescence spectroscopy applications

    Aging of power transmission cable insulation

    Laser applications in criminology

    Miscellaneous luminescence intensity-based applications

    Pump-probe techniques

    Confocal scanning

    Intracellular calcium ion concentration measurement in biochemistry/biomedicine

    Concluding remarks

    Photoluminescence Life-Time-Based Laser Spectroscopy

    Time-domain techniques

    Boxcar average-type techniques

    Pule-sampling techniques

    Deconvolution of luminescence and instrument response

    Frequency-domain techniques

    Pump-probe techniques

    Applications of time-domain techniques involving long lifetimes

    High-temperature laser thermometry

    Lime temperature measurement in paper manufacture

    Time-resolved fingerprint detection

    Biomedical applications

    Applications of time-domain techniques involving short lifetimes

    Time-domain fluorescence microscopy imaging in biochemistry/biomedicine

    Applications of frequency-domain techniques

    Frequency-domain fluorescence microscopy imaging in biochemistry/biomedicine

    Applications of pump-probe techniques

    Concluding remarks

    Laser Raman Spectroscopy

    Spontaneous Raman scattering

    Raman LIDAR

    Resonance Raman scattering

    Applications of resonance Raman scattering

    Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

    Applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering

    Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

    CARS for combustion diagnostics

    Miscellaneous nonlinear Raman techniques

    Concluding remarks

    Selected Applications of Laser Spectroscopy

    Laser spectroscopy in shock dynamics

    Large-scale optical memories

    The two-photon photorefractive approach

    3-D voxel memory based on two-photon processes

    Photon echo and hole burning memories

    Related research

    Laser spectroscopy applications in medicine

    Photodynamic therapy

    Tissue identification and ablation

    Laser lithotripsy of biliary calculi

    Laser spectroscopy in analytical chemistry

    Selective determination of gases

    Trace detection of metals

    Detection of amino acids

    Immunofluorescence

    Laser spectroscopy applications to semiconductors

    Semiconductor fluorescence mapping

    Control of wafer etching

    Isotope separation

    Concluding remarks

    Selected Spectroscopic Techniques

    Multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy

    Modulation-type spectroscopies

    Thermal modulation spectroscopy

    Electric field modulation spectroscopy

    Optically detected magnetic resonance

    Photoacoustic spectroscopy

    Photothermal (thermal lensing) spectroscopy

    Circular dichrosim spectroscopy

    Polarization spectroscopy

    Frequency modulation spectroscopy

    Doppler-free spectroscopies

    Spectroscopy with collimated molecular beams

    Spectroscopy with supersonic beams

    Two-photon spectroscopy

    Site selection spectroscopies

    Hole burning

    Persistent hole burning and holographic data storage

    Dilution narrowing

    Photon burst spectroscopy

    Multiphoton ionization

    Evanescent wave-excited fluorescence

    Immunosensing

    Near-field microscopy

    Shpol`skii matrix spectroscopy

    Room-temperature phosphorescence

    Concluding remarks

    Lasers and Emerging Spectroscopies

    Tunable mid-infrared lasers

    Color-center lasers

    Optical parametric oscillators

    Ring lasers

    Generation of ultrashort pulses

    Regenerative amplifiers

    On x-ray laser prospects

    Background on x-rays

    Stimulated x-ray emission in crystals

    Concluding remarks

    Index

    Biography

    E. Roland Menzel

    ". . .presents[s] a collection of interesting applications for laser spectroscopy with a particular concentration on unusual applications. There are nearly 100 examples described. . . .of most interest to chemists, but there is much in [the book] that applies to physicists and engineers as well. "
    ---Journal of the American Chemical Society