Reflecting the diversity of Islam, this collection focuses on the presence of Muslims in countries outside the traditionally conceived heartlands of the Islamic world. The history of the arrival of Islam in such countries and the nature of the way in which Islam is practised in such places is the thematic focus of the materials selected for inclusion.
Today, the community of Muslims around the globe looks to the Arab world (and Iran) as a source of identity and authority. While this is driven as much by finances as by religious ideology, it does create a sense of there being a central Islamic world and a ‘diaspora’ which can be separated and considered. This separation may also be considered a historical phenomenon: the core ‘Islamic world’ came into existence as a result of the early military expansion of the Arabs up to about 750CE; after that point, the spread of Islam occurred by different and more gradual means (often influenced by trade especially). Both of these ways of conceptualizing the region of interest results is a vast amount of territory in which to explore the special manifestations of Islam.
Materials selected for inclusion in this Major Work provide general information on Islam rather than being overly specific. A number of aspects are considered:
• the history of the introduction of Islam into the area;
• the means by which Islam spread;
• the attitude Muslims took to the surrounding culture;
• the character of the Islam which resulted;
• the sense of Muslim identity in the area; and
• the issues which might have emerged as a result.
The gathered material is grouped geographically with an attempt to include as many individual countries as possible within each area, while also paying attention to each of the above criteria. An initial selection of articles on ‘world Islam’—the process and means of the spread of Islam in general and some consideration of what it means to talk about the presence of Islam in the world and a survey of the general diversity of characteristics of Islam—serves as an introductory section to the volumes. Additional groupings are geographical and include South Asia; South East Asia; Australia and islands of the Pacific; China; countries of the former Soviet Union; South Africa; East Africa; West Africa; Europe; North America; Central and South America.
VOLUME I
Part I: Introductory
1. Talal Asad (1997), ‘Europe Against Islam: Islam in Europe’, The Muslim World, 87(2), 183–95.
2. Alain-Gérard Marsot (1992), ‘Political Islam in Asia: A Case Study’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 524, 156–69.
3. Seyyid Hossein Nasr (1981), ‘A Typological Study of Islamic Culture’, in his Islamic Life and Thought (George Allen and Unwin), pp. 39–54.
4. C. A. O. Van Nieuwenhuijze (1995), ‘Islamism: A Defiant Utopianism’, Die Welt des Islam, 35(1), 1–36.
Part II: Middle East and Iran
5. Gabriele vom Bruck (1998), ‘Disputing Descent-Based Authority in the Idiom of Religion: The Case of the Republic of Yemen’, Die Welt des Islam, 38(2), 149–91.
6. John J. Donohue (1983), ‘Islam and the Search for Identity in the Arab World’, in John L. Esposito (ed.), Voices of Resurgent Islam (Oxford University Press), pp. 48–61.
7. Shafeeq N. Ghabra (2003), ‘Balancing State and Society: The Islamic Movement in Kuwait’, in Barry Rubin (ed.), Revolutionaries and Reformers: Contemporary Islamist Movements in the Middle East (State University of New York Press), pp. 105–23.
8. Mehrdad M. Haghayeghi (1993), ‘Politics and Ideology in the Islamic Republic of Iran’, Middle Eastern Studies, 29(1), 36–52.
9. Nabil M. Kaylani (1979), ‘Politics and Religion in ‘Uman: A Historical Overview’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10(4), 567–79.
10. Nikki R. Keddie (1980), ‘Iran: Change in Islam: Islam and Change’, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 11(4), 527–42.
11. Ziba Mir-Hosseini (1994), ‘Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-i Haqq of Kurdistan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26(2), 267–85.
12. James P. Piscatori (1980), ‘The Roles of Islam in Saudi Arabia’s Political Development’, in John L. Esposito (ed.), Islam and Development: Religion and Sociopolitical Change (Syracuse University Press), pp. 123–38.
13. Bassam Tibi (1986), ‘The Iranian Revolution and the Arabs: The Quest for Islamic Identity and the Search for an Islamic System of Government’, Arab Studies Quarterly, 8(1), 29–44.
Part III: Central Asia
14. Shahram Akbarzadeh (2003), ‘The Islamic Dilemma in Uzbekistan’, in Shahram Akbarzadeh, Abdullah Saeed (eds.), Islam and Political Legitimacy (RoutledgeCurzon), pp. 88–101.
15. Ataullah Bogdan Kopanski (1998), ‘Burden of the Third Rome: The Threat of Russian Orthodox Fundamentalism and Muslim Eurasia’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 9(2), 193–216.
16. Adeeb Khalid (2003), ‘A Secular Islam: Nation, State, and Religion in Uzbekistan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 35(4), 573–98.
17. Enver F. Kisriev and Robert Bruce Ware (2006), ‘Russian Hegemony and Islamic Resistance: Ideology and Political Organization in Dagestan 1800–1930’, Middle Eastern Studies, 42(3), 493–504.
VOLUME II
Part IV: South Asia
18. Peter J. Bertocci (1981), ‘Bangladesh: Composite Culture, Identity and Modernization in a Muslim-Majority State’, in Phillip H. Stoddard, David C. Cuthell, and Margaret W. Sullivan (eds.), Change and the Muslim World (Syracuse University Press), pp. 75–85.
19. Hastings Donnan (1989), ‘Symbol and Status: The Significance of the Hajj in Pakistan’, The Muslim World, 79(3–4), 205–16.
20. Farhat Haq (1996), ‘Women, Islam and the State in Pakistan’, Muslim World, 86(2), 158–75.
21. Riaz Hassan (1985), ‘Islamization: An Analysis of Religious, Political and Social Change in Pakistan’, Middle Eastern Studies, 21(3), 263–84.
22. Syed Serajul Islam (2000), ‘Islamic Identity of the Rohingyas and their Struggle for Survival in Myanmar’, Muslim Education Quarterly, 17(4), 40–50.
23. Bashir Ahmad Khan (2000), ‘The Ahl-i-Hadith: A Socio-Religious Reform Movement in Kashmir’, The Muslim World, 90(1–2), 133–57.
24. Rollie Lal (2004), ‘Islam in India’, in Angel M. Rabasa et al., The Muslim World After 9/11 (Rand Corporation), pp. 297–319.
25. Yoginder Sikand (2003), ‘Islamist Assertion in Contemporary India: The Case of the Students Islamic Movement of India’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 23(2), 335–46.
Part V: East Asia
26. Bushra Anis (1998), ‘The Emergence of Islam and the Status of Muslim Minority in Japan’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 18(2), 329–46.
27. Peter G. Gowing (1970), ‘Islam in Taiwan’, Saudi Aramco World, 21(4), 22–7.
28. Raphael Israeli (1982), ‘Islam in the Chinese Environment’, Contributions to Asian Studies, 17, 79–94.
29. Raphael Israeli (2001), ‘Myth as Memory: Muslims in China Between Myth and History’, The Muslim World, 91(1–2), 185–208.
30. Colin Mackerras (2005), ‘Some Issues of Ethnic and Religious Identity Among China’s Islamic Peoples’, Asian Ethnicity, 6(1), 3–18.
Part VI: South East Asia
31. Azyumardi Azra (2002), ‘Globalization of Indonesian Muslim Discourse: Contemporary Religio-Intellectual Connections Between Indonesia and the Middle East’, in Johan Meuleman (ed.), Islam in the Era of Globalization: Muslim Attitudes Towards Modernity and Identity (Routledge), pp. 31–50.
32. Martin van Bruinessen (1998), ‘Studies of Sufism and the Sufi Orders in Indonesia’, Die Welt des Islam, 38(2), 192–219.
33. Peter G. Gowing (1975), ‘Moros and Khaek: The Position of Muslims in the Philippines and Thailand’, South East Asian Affairs, 2, 27–40.
34. Reuven Kahane (1984), ‘Notes on Unique Patterns of Indonesian Islam’, in Raphael Israeli and A. H. Johns (eds.), Islam in Asia: South East and East Asia, vol. 2 (Magnes Press), pp. 162–88.
35. Carool Kersten (2004), ‘The Predicament of Thailand’s Southern Muslims’, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 21(4), 1–29.
36. Iik Arifin Mansurnoor (2002), ‘Islam in Brunei Darussalam and Global Islam: An Analysis of Their Interaction’, in Johan Meuleman (ed.), Islam in the Era of Globalization: Muslim Attitudes Towards Modernity and Identity (Routledge), pp. 71–98.
37. Judith Nagata (1984), ‘The Religious Route to Nationhood: The Islamic Foundation of Malay Culture and Consciousness’, in her The Reflowering of Malaysian Islam: Modern Religious Radicals and their Roots (UBC Press), pp. 1–18.
38. Fred R. Von der Mehden (1980), ‘Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia’, in John L. Esposito (ed.), Islam and Development: Religion and Sociopolitical Change (Syracuse University Press), pp. 163–80.
39. Mark R. Woodward (1989), ‘Java and the Islamic Tradition’, in his Islam In Java (University of Arizona Press), pp. 53–78.
VOLUME III
Part VII: Australia and the Pacific
40. Jan Ali (2004), ‘Islam and Muslims in Fiji’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 24(1), 141–54.
41. Abdullah Saeed (2003), ‘Perceptions of Islam and Muslims’, in his Islam in Australia (Allen & Unwin), pp. 183–97.
42. William Shepard (1996), ‘Muslims in New Zealand’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 16(2), 211–33.
43. William L. Yam (1980), ‘Islam in the Philippines’, in Cyriac K. Pullapilly (ed.), Islam in the Contemporary World (Cross Roads Books), pp. 358–69.
Part VIII: Africa
44. Juan Eduardo Campo (1991), ‘The Mecca Pilgrimage in the Formation of Islam in Modern Egypt’, in Jamie Scott and Paul Simpson-Housley (eds.), Sacred Places and Profane Space: Essays in the Geographics of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (Greenwood), pp. 145–61.
45. Suleman Dangor (1997), ‘The Expression of Islam in South Africa’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 17(1), 141–52.
46. Eric Davis (1984), ‘Ideology, Social Class and Islamic Radicalism in Modern Egypt’, in Said Amir Arojmand (ed.), From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam (SUNY Press), pp. 134–57.
47. John L. Esposito (1986), ‘Sudan’s Islamic Experiment’, The Muslim World, 76(3–4), 181–202.
48. Pernille Ironside (2003), ‘Reconciling Rights and Obligations An Examination of Shari`ah Penal Reform in Northern Nigeria’, The American Journal of American Social Sciences, 20(3–4), 140–72.
49. Nehemia Levtzion (1979), ‘Patterns of Islamization in West Africa’, in his Conversion to Islam (Holmes and Meier), pp. 207–16.
50. Ephraim C. Mandivenga (2000), ‘The Cape Muslims and the Indian Muslims of South Africa: A Comparative Analysis’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 20(2), 347–52.
51. Jonathan Miran (2005), ‘A Historical Overview of Islam in Eritrea’, Die Welt des Islam, 45(2), 177–215.
52. Henry Munson, Jr. (1986), ‘Islamic Revivalism in Morocco and Tunisia’, The Muslim World, 76(3–4), 203–18.
53. Patrick J. Ryan (1987), ‘Islam and Politics in West Africa: Minority and Majority Models’, The Muslim World, 77(1), 1–15.
54. Benjamin F. Soares (2006), ‘Islam in Mali in the Neoliberal Era’, African Affairs, 105(418), 77–95.
55. James J. Tully (1994), ‘The Place of Islamic Law in Sierra Leone’, The Muslim World, 84(3–4), 300–16.
56. Gabriel Warburg (1995), ‘Mahdism and Islamism in Sudan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27(2), 219–36.
57. Kate Zebiri (1993), ‘Islamic Revival in Algeria’, The Muslim World, 83(3–4), 203–26.
VOLUME IV
Part IX: Europe
58. Aydin Babuna (2005), ‘National Identity, Islam and Politics in Post-Communist Bosnia-Hercegovina’, East European Quarterly, 39(4), 405–47.
59. Hassan Bousetta and Dirk Jacobs (2006), ‘Multiculturalism, Citizenship and Islam in Problematic Encounters in Belgium’, in Tariq Modood, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ricard Zapata-Barrero (eds.), Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship, A European Approach (Routledge), pp. 23–36.
60. Uriel Heyd (1968), Revival of Islam in Modern Turkey (Magnes Press), pp. 7–27.
61. M. Ali Kettani (1980), ‘Muslims in Southern Europe’, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2(1), 145–58.
62. David Kerr (1983), ‘Islam in Modern Europe’, in Richard G. Hovannisian and Speros Vryonis Jr. (eds.), Islam’s Understanding of Itself (Undena Publications), pp. 127–44.
63. Ali Köse (1996), ‘Muslims in Britain’, in his Conversion to Islam: A Study of Native British Converts (Kegan Paul), pp. 5–30.
64. Per Mouritsen (2006), ‘The Particular Universalism of a Nordic Civic Nation: Common Values, State Religion, and Islam in Danish Political Culture’, in Tariq Modood, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ricard Zapata-Barrero (eds.), Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship, A European Approach (Routledge), pp. 70–93.
65. Jørgen S. Nielsen (2004), ‘France’, in his Muslims in Western Europe (Edinburgh University Press), pp. 8–23.
66. Wasif A. R. Shadid and Pieter Sjoerd Van Koningsveld (1996), ‘Islam in the Netherlands’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 16(1), 111–29.
67. Nina Clara Tiesler (2001), ‘No Bad News from the European Margin: The New Islamic Presence in Portugal’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 12(1), 71–91.
68. Etga Ugur (2004), ‘Intellectual Roots of "Turkish Islam" and Approaches to the "Turkish Model"’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 24(2), 327–45.
Part X: The Americas
69. Baha Abu-Laban (1983), ‘The Canadian Muslim Community: The Need for a New Survival Strategy’, in Earle H. Waugh, Baha Abu-Laban, and Regula B. Qureshi (eds.), The Muslim Community in North America (University of Alberta Press), pp. 75–92.
70. Sultana Afroz (2003), ‘Invisible Yet Invincible: The Muslim Ummah in Jamaica’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 23(1), 211–22.
71. Amira El-Zein (2000), ‘Spiritual Consumption in the United States: The Rumi Phenomenon’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 11(1), 71–85.
72. Perry E. Gianakos (1979), ‘The Black Muslims: An American Millennialistic Response to Racism and Cultural Deracination’, The Centennial Review, 23, 430–51.
73. Rafael A. Guevara Bazán (1971), ‘Some Notes for a History of the Relations Between Latin America, the Arabs and Islam’, The Muslim World, 61(4), 284–92.
74. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad (1998), ‘The Dynamics of Islamic Identity in North America’, in Yvonne Haddad and John Esposito (eds.), Muslims on the Americanization Path? (Scholars Press), pp. 21–56.
75. T. B. Irving (1992), ‘King Zumbi and the Malê Movement in Brazil’, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 9(3), 397–409.
76. Omar Hasan Kasule (1986), ‘Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago’, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 7(1), 195–213.
77. Rolf Reichert (1981), ‘Muslims in the Guyanas: A Socio-Economic Overview’, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 3, 120–6.
78. John O. Voll (1991), ‘Islamic Issues for Muslims in the United States’, in Yvonne Y. Haddad (ed.), The Muslims of America (Oxford University Press), pp. 205–16.
Biography
Andrew Rippin is Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Victoria, Canada.
