1st Edition
Water & Wastewater Infrastructure Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
A critical aspect of sustainability associated with water and wastewater systems is to maintain and manage infrastructure in the most efficient and economical manner while complying with environmental regulations and keeping rates at acceptable levels. Given the high cost of fuel, our growing population, and the associated increase in energy needs, it is important to address energy use and future energy availability for the treatment of the water we drink and the water we pollute. Water & Wastewater Infrastructure: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability addresses these issues, detailing the processes that can assist facilities to become more energy efficient and providing guidance to ensure their sustainability.
The text begins with brief descriptions of the water and wastewater treatment industries. It then describes some of the basics of energy and discusses what planning for a sustainable energy future in water and wastewater treatment plants entails. The author explores energy-saving options and provides case studies to demonstrate how some facilities have used equipment, technology, and operating strategies to save money and reduce their impact. The energy-efficient technologies include combined heat and power (CHP), gas turbines, microturbines, reciprocating engines, steam turbines, and fuel cells. The author also addresses biomass power and biogas.
The section on sustainability and renewable energy covers hydropower, solar power, and wind power as well as energy conservation measures for treating wastewater. Nine appendices provide individual case studies that present evaluations of energy conservation measures, results, payback analysis, and conclusions. This book addresses the challenges faced by water and wastewater treatment facilities by examining how they can operate in ways that provide economic and environmental benefits, save money, reduce environmental impact, and lead to sustainability.
Section I The Basics
Introduction
Setting the Stage
Sustainable Water/Wastewater Infrastructure
Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Gap
Energy Efficiency: Water/Wastewater Treatment Operations
References and Recommended Reading
Characteristics of the Wastewater and Drinking Water Industries
Introduction
Characteristics of the Wastewater Industry
Characteristics of the Drinking Water Industry
Capital Stock and Impact on Operations and Maintenance
Wastewater Capital Stock
Drinking Water Capital Stock
Costs of Providing Service
References and Recommended Reading
Water, Wastewater, and Energy
Introduction
Energy Basics
Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy
Units for Comparing Energy
References and Recommended Reading
Planning for a Sustainable Energy Future
Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Energy Usage
Fast Facts
Benchmark It!
Baseline Audit
References and Recommended Reading
Section II Energy-Efficient Equipment, Technology, and Operating Strategies
Energy-Efficient Equipment
Introduction
Motors
Variable-Frequency Drives
HVAC Enhancements
Energy-Smart Lighting
References and Recommended Reading
Energy-Efficient Operating Strategies
Introduction
Electrical Load Management
Biosolids Management
Operations and Maintenance: Energy- and Cost-Saving Procedures
Inflow and Infiltration Control
References and Recommended Reading
Section III Energy-Efficient Technology
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Introduction
CHP Key Definitions
Calculating Total CHP System Efficiency
Calculating Effective Electric Efficiency
Selecting CHP Efficiency Metrics
Wastewater Treatment Facilities with CHP
Overview of CHP Technologies
References and Recommended Reading
Gas Turbines
Introduction
Applications
Gas Turbine Technology
References and Recommended Reading
Microturbines
Introduction
Microturbine Applications
Microturbine Technology
Design Characteristics
Microturbine Performance Characteristics
Emissions
References and Recommended Reading
Reciprocating Engines
Introduction
Applications
Reciprocating Engine Technology
Design Characteristics
Performance Characteristics
Emissions
References and Recommended Reading
Steam Turbines
Introduction
Applications
Steam Turbine: Basic Process and Components
Performance Characteristics
Emissions
References and Recommended Reading
Fuel Cells
Introduction
Fuel Cells: The Basics
Hydrogen Fuel Cells: A Realistic View
CHP Applications
References and Recommended Reading
Section IV Biomass Power and Heat Generation
CHP and Wastewater Biogas
Grasshopper Generation
Biomass
Biomass for Power and Heat Generation
Biogas (Methane, CH4)
Wastewater Treatment Plant Biogas
Cogeneration Using Landfill Biogas
Biodiesel
References and Recommended Reading
Section V Sustainability Using Renewable Energy
Macro- and Microhydropower
Introduction
Hydropower
Hydropower Basic Concepts
Reservoir Stored Energy
Hydroturbines
Advanced Hydropower Technology
Hydropower Generation: Dissolved Oxygen Concerns
Bottom Line on Macrohydropower
Microhydropower Concepts
Permits and Water Rights
References and Recommended Reading
Solar Power
Introduction
Concentrating Solar Power
Photovoltaics (PV)
Solar Power Applications
Structure Daylighting
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Applications
References and Recommended Reading
Wind Power
Introduction
It’s All About the Wind
Air in Motion
Wind Energy
Wind Power Basics
Wind Turbine Types
Turbine Features
Wind Energy and Power Calculations
Small-Scale Wind Power
Wind Power Applications in Water/Wastewater Treatment
References and Recommended Reading
Energy Conservation Measures for Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
Pumping System Energy Conservation Measures
Design and Control of Aeration Systems
Blowers
References and Recommended Reading
Section VI Appendices
Appendix A. Magnetic Bearing Turbo Blowers at the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District De Pere Wastewater Treatment Facility
Appendix B. Turblex® Blowers and Air Flow Control Valves on the Sheboygan Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant
Appendix C. Upgrade from Mechanical Aeration to Air-Bearing Turbo Blowers and Fine-Bubble Diffusers at the Big Gulch Wastewater Treatment Plant
Appendix D. Optical DO Sensor Technology and Aerator Rotor VFD Control at the City of Bartlett, Tennessee, Wastewater Treatment Plant
Appendix E. Advanced Aeration Control for the Oxnard, California, Wastewater Treatment Plant
Appendix F. DO Optimization Using Floating Pressure Blower Control in a Most Open Valve Strategy at the Narragansett Bay Commission Bucklin Point WTTP, Rhode Island
Appendix G. Capacity and Fuel Efficiency Improvements at Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission Western Branch WWTP, Prince Georges County, Maryland
Appendix H. Permit-Safe and Energy-Smart Greening of Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations at the San Jose/Santa Clara, California, Water Pollution Control Plant
Appendix I. Diffuser Upgrades and DO Controlled Blowers at the Waco, Texas, Metropolitan Area Regional Sewer System Wastewater Treatment Facility
Glossary
Index
Biography
Frank R. Spellman, Ph.D., is a retired U.S. Naval Officer with 26 years of active duty, a retired environmental safety and health manager for a large wastewater sanitation district in Virginia, and a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. He is the author or co-author of 75 books, with more soon to be published. Dr. Spellman consults on environmental matters with the U.S. Department of Justice and various law firms and environmental entities around the globe.
"Water & Wastewater Infrastructure: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability is a recommendation for college-level reference collections in science and nature which are strong in environmental engineering, and describes various water and wastewater treatment approaches and what it means for sustainable energy in the area. Chapters provide case studies of facilities that have used technology to reduce their environmental impact, and point out various alternative power options and sustainable and renewable energy sources for treating wastewater. From conservation measures and analysis to special wastewater and water challenges, this surveys the extent of the industry's challenges and approaches to water and wastewater management, and is key for any collection strong in environmental engineering applications."
—Midwest Book Review, October 2014"… a recommendation for any environmental engineering collection and offers descriptions of the methods and applications of the water and wastewater industries. It then proceeds to discuss changing energy needs and provides case studies to show how some facilities have used new equipment and technology to save money by becoming more energy efficient. … A 'must' for environmental engineers and any involved in wastewater management processes.
—California Bookwatch, November 2013