2nd Edition

Wastewater Treatment Plants Planning, Design, and Operation, Second Edition

By Syed R. Qasim Copyright 1999
    1128 Pages
    by CRC Press

    Step-by-step procedures for planning, design, construction and operation:
    * Health and environment

    * Process improvements

    * Stormwater and combined sewer control and treatment

    * Effluent disposal and reuse

    * Biosolids disposal and reuse

    * On-site treatment and disposal of small flows

    * Wastewater treatment plants should be designed so that the effluent standards and reuse objectives, and biosolids regulations can be met with reasonable ease and cost. The design should incorporate flexibility for dealing with seasonal changes, as well as long-term changes in wastewater quality and future regulations. Good planning and design, therefore, must be based on five major steps:

    characterization of the raw wastewater quality and effluent,
    pre-design studies to develop alternative processes and selection of final process train,
    detailed design of the selected alternative,
    contraction, and
    operation and maintenance of the completed facility.
    Engineers, scientists, and financial analysts must utilize principles from a wide range of disciplines: engineering, chemistry, microbiology, geology, architecture, and economics to carry out the responsibilities of designing a wastewater treatment plant. The objective of this book is to present the technical and nontechnical issues that are most commonly addressed in the planning and design reports for wastewater treatment facilities prepared by practicing engineers. Topics discussed include facility planning, process description, process selection logic, mass balance calculations, design calculations, and concepts for equipment sizing. Theory, design, operation and maintenance, trouble shooting, equipment selection and specifications are integrated for each treatment process. Thus delineation of such information for use by students and practicing engineers is the main purpose of this book.

    Preface
    Introduction

    Historical Background

    Current Status

    Future Directions

    Plant Design

    Scope of the Book References



    Basic Design Considerations

    Introduction

    Initial and Design Years

    Service Area

    Site Selection

    Design Population

    Regulatory Controls and Effluent Limitations

    Characteristics of Wastewater

    Degree of Treatment

    Choice of Treatment Processes, Process Train and Comparison of Alternatives

    Equipment Selection

    Plant Layout and Hydraulic Profile

    Energy and Resource Requirements

    Plant Economics

    Environmental Impact Assessment

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References



    Wastewater Characteristics

    Introduction

    Municipal Water Demand

    Wastewater Flow

    Quality of Wastewater

    Characteristics of Wastewater

    Unit Waste Loading and Population

    Equivalents

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References



    Wastewater Treatment Unit Operations and Processes, and Process Diagram

    Introduction

    Liquid Treatment Systems

    Sludge Processing and Disposal

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Predesign Studies

    Introduction

    Project Planning

    Facility Planning

    Preparation of Design Plans, Specifications, Cost Estimates, and Support Documents

    Discussion Topics

    Model Facility Plan

    Introduction

    Project Identification

    Objectives and Scope

    Effluent Limitations and Initial Design Period

    Existing and Future Conditions

    Forecast of Waste-water Characteristics from Service Areas

    Wastewater Treatment Process Alternatives

    Engineer's Development of the Proposed Project

    Financial Status

    Description of Selected Wastewater Treatment Facility

    Environmental Impact Assessment

    Public Participation

    Program Cost

    Breakdown Time

    Schedule for Project Milestones

    Attachments

    Problems and Discussion Topics References

    Design of Intercepting Sewers

    Introduction

    Design and Construction of Community Sewerage System

    Information Checklist for the Design of Sanitary Sewers

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting in Sanitary Sewers

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion

    Topics References

    Screening

    Introduction

    Types of Screens

    Design Factors for Bar Racks (Bar Screens)

    Equipment Manufacturers of Bar Racks

    Information Checklist for Design of Bar Rack

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance and Troubleshooting at Mechanically Cleaned Bar Rack

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Pumping Station

    Introduction

    Pump Types and Applications

    Types of Pumping Stations

    Hydraulic Terms and Definitions Commonly Used in Pumping

    Centrifugal Pumps

    Design of Pump Stations

    Manufacturers of Pumping Equipment

    Information Checklist for Design of Pumping Station

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Pumping Station

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Flow Measurement

    Introduction

    Location of Flow Measurement Devices

    Flow Measurement Methods and Devices

    Flow Sensors and Recorders

    Equipment Manufacturers for Flow-Measuring and Flow-Sensing Devices and Recorders

    Information Checklist for Design of Flow-Measuring Device

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance Specifications

    Problems and Discussion

    Topics References

    Grit Removal

    Introduction

    Location of Grit Removal Facility

    Gravity Settling

    Types of Grit Removal Facilities

    Grit Collection and Removal

    Quantity of Grit

    Grit Disposal Equipment

    Manufacturers of Grit Removal Facilities

    Information Checklist for Design of Grit Removal

    Facility Design Example

    Operations and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Aerated Grit Removal Facility

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Primary Sedimentation

    Introduction

    Flocculent Settling (Type II)

    Types of Sediment Basins

    Design Factors

    Enhanced Sedimentation

    Equipment Manufacturers of Sedimentation Basins

    Information Checklist for Design of Sedimentation Basin

    Design Example

    Operations and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Primary Sedimentation Facilities

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Biological Waste Treatment

    Introduction

    Fundamentals of Biological Waste Treatment

    Aerobic Suspended Growth Reactors

    Aerobic Attached Growth and Combined Attached and Suspended Growth

    Biological Treatment

    Anaerobic Suspended-Growth Biological Treatment

    Anaerobic Attached Growth Biological Treatment

    Biological Nutrient Removal Processes

    Secondary Clarifiers

    Equipment Manufacturers of Biological Waste Treatment Processes

    Information Checklist for BNR and Clarification Facilities

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Activated Sludge Treatment
    Facility

    Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Disinfection

    Introduction

    Methods of Disinfection

    Kinetics of Disinfection

    Disinfection with Chlorine

    Dechlorination Chlorine Dioxide

    Bromine

    Chloride

    Ozonation

    UV Disinfection Equipment Manufacturers of a UV Disinfection Facility

    Information Checklist for Design of a UV Disinfection Facility

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at UV Disinfection Facility

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Effluent Disposal

    Introduction

    Methods of Effluent

    Reuse and Disposal Information

    Checklist for Design of Outfall Structure

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Outfall Structure

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Sources of Sludge and Thickener Design

    Introduction

    Characteristics of Municipal Sludge

    Sludge-Processing Systems and Environmental Control

    Volume-Weight Relationship and Pumping

    Preliminary Operations

    Sludge Thickening

    Equipment Manufacturers

    Information Checklist for Thickener Design

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Sludge-Thickening Facility

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Sludge Stabilization

    Introduction

    Process Selection

    Anaerobic Digestion

    Aerobic Digestion

    Other Sludge Stabilization Processes

    Equipment Manufacturers of Sludge Stabilization Systems

    Information Checklist for Design of Sludge Stabilization Facility

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Sludge Stabilization Facility

    Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering

    Introduction

    Sludge Conditioning

    Sludge Dewatering

    Equipment Manufacturers of Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering Systems

    Information Checklist for Design of Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering Facilities

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Belt Filter Press

    Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Sludge Disposal

    Introduction

    Overview of Sludge Disposal Practices

    Sludge Conversion Processes

    Land Applications of Municipal Sludge (Biosolids)

    Sludge Disposal by Landfilling

    Information Checklist for Design of Sludge Disposal Facility

    Design Example

    Operation and Maintenance, and Specifications

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Plant Layout

    Introduction

    Factors Affecting Plant Layout and Site Development

    Design Example

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Yard Piping and Hydraulic Profile

    Introduction

    Yard Piping

    Plant Hydraulics

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Instrumentation and Controls

    Introduction

    Benefits and Need of Instrumentation and Control Systems

    Sludge Dewatering

    Equipment Manufacturers of Instrumentation and Control Systems

    Information Checklist for Design and Selection of Instrumentation and Control
    Systems

    Design Example

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Design Summary
    Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Upgrading Secondary Treatment Facility

    Introduction

    Natural Systems

    Overview of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technology Problems and Discussion
    Topics

    References

    Wastewater Treatment Systems for Small Flows

    Introduction

    Wastewater Problems of Small Communities

    Strategy for Selection of Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems for Small
    Flows

    Wastewater Flowrates and Characteristics

    Site Evaluation and Selection for Onsite Treatment and Effluent Disposal

    Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

    Final Disposal Methods

    Wastewater Collection, Treatment and Disposal Systems for Sewered Areas

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Management of Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows

    Introduction

    Current Status

    Characteristics, Impacts and Management of Stormwater

    Characteristics, Impacts, and Management of Combined Sewer Overflows

    Problems and Discussion Topics

    References

    Avoiding Design Errors

    Introduction

    Examples of Design Errors and Deficiencies

    Procedure to Avoid or Reduce Common Design Errors and Deficiencies

    Do's and Don'ts Design

    Checklist Discussion Topics

    References

    Appendices

    Physical and Chemical Properties of Water

    Head Loss Constants in Open Channels and Pressure Pipes

    Treatment Plant Cost Equations

    Manufacturers and Suppliers of Wastewater Treatment Plant Equipment

    Selected Chemical Elements

    Abbreviations and Symbols, Useful Constants, Unit Conversions, Design Parameters, and Units of Expression for Wastewater Treatment

    Biography

    Qasim, Syed R.

    A well written single volume. It is recommended for consideration as a text and should be a worthwhile addition to professional libraries. It is a good value for the money. There is one final point. The index is excellent!
    -International Journal of Environmental Science


    A pragmatic approach to wastewater treatment planning and design. . . . The design information is presented in a simplified format that is ideal for teaching, studying, and reference needs.
    -Journal WPCF