2nd Edition
Thermodynamics From Concepts to Applications, Second Edition
There are many thermodynamics texts on the market, yet most provide a presentation that is at a level too high for those new to the field. This second edition of Thermodynamics continues to provide an accessible introduction to thermodynamics, which maintains an appropriate rigor to prepare newcomers for subsequent, more advanced topics.
The book presents a logical methodology for solving problems in the context of conservation laws and property tables or equations. The authors elucidate the terms around which thermodynamics has historically developed, such as work, heat, temperature, energy, and entropy. Using a pedagogical approach that builds from basic principles to laws and eventually corollaries of the laws, the text enables students to think in clear and correct thermodynamic terms as well as solve real engineering problems.
For those just beginning their studies in the field, Thermodynamics, Second Edition provides the core fundamentals in a rigorous, accurate, and accessible presentation.
Preface for Students
Preface for Instructors
Authors
Introduction
Historical Background
Applications of Thermodynamics
Basic Concepts
Thermodynamic System
Properties and States
Some Characteristics of Properties
Equilibrium
Stable Equilibrium
Mutual Equilibrium
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Problems
Work, Energy, and Heat: First Law of Thermodynamics
Work in Mechanical Systems
Work in Thermodynamic Systems
Measure of Work
Adiabatic Process
Work in Nonadiabatic Processes
Work at Moving Boundary
Work of Compressible System
Quasistatic Process and Quasistatic Work
First Law of Thermodynamics
Work, Heat, and Energy
Temperature
Units and Dimensions
Problems
Simple Systems
Independent and Dependent Properties
State Principle
Simple Systems
Equations of State
Internal Energy
Basic Processes in Simple Systems
Pure Substances
Intensive State
Phases
Properties of Pure Substance
Tables of Thermodynamic Properties
First Law of Thermodynamics for Simple Systems
Summary of Equations for Simple Systems
Problems
Ideal Gas
Definition of an Ideal Gas
Internal Energy and Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas
Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heat
Quasistatic Processes in an Ideal Gas
Polytropic Process
Applications of First Law to Ideal Gas Systems
Summary of Equations for an Ideal Gas
Problems
Control Volume
Transition from System to Control Volume
Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume
First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume
Steady State Processes
Unsteady State Processes in Control Volumes
One-Port control volumes
Summary of Equations for a Control Volume
Problems
Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat Engines
Efficiency of Heat Engines
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Reversibility
Internally Reversible Process
Carnot Cycle
Efficiency and the Reversible Engine
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
Summary of Equations for Heat Engines and Second Law
Problems
Entropy
Clausius Inequality
Entropy
Entropy Change for Any Process
Principle of Increase of Entropy
Calculating Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
Entropy Equations
Using Entropy Data from Tables
Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas
Entropy Change of an Incompressible Substance
Entropy Diagrams
Second Law Analysis of Control Volumes
Problems
Applications of Second Law of Thermodynamics
Work in Expansion and Compression Processes
Effectiveness of Adiabatic Processes
Work and Heat in Isothermal Processes
Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers
Test for the Impossibility of a Process
Summary of Equations
Problems
Availability, Exergy, and Irreversibility
Available Work
Useful Work
Irreversibility
Availability
Control Volume Analysis: Exergy
Problems
Power and Refrigeration Cycles
Rankine Cycle
Rankine Cycle Modifications
Brayton Cycle
Cycles for Internal Combustion Engines
Otto Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Dual Cycle
Refrigeration Cycles
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Internal Heat Exchanger
Refrigeration with Two-Stage Compression
Exergy Analysis
Summary of Equations
Problems
Ideal Gas Mixtures and Humid Air
Basic Definitions for Gaseous Mixtures
Equation of State for a Mixture of Ideal Gases
Properties of Mixtures of Ideal Gases
Gaseous Mixtures Involving a Condensable Component
Moist Air
First Law for Moist Air
Adiabatic Saturation
Wet-Bulb Temperature
Psychrometric Chart
Processes in Moist Air
Cooling Towers
Exergy Analysis
Summary of Equations
Problems
Thermodynamic Relations
Some Mathematical Relations
Maxwell Relations
Clapeyron Equation
Specific Heats
Energy and Enthalpy Variations at Constant Temperature
Joule–Thomson Coefficient
Volume Change Coefficients
Summary of Equations
Problems
Equations of State and Generalized Charts
van der Waals Equation
Dieterici Equation
Empirical Equations of State
Virial Form of Equation of State
Thermodynamic Data from Equations of State
Rule of Corresponding States
Generalized Compressibility Chart
Generalized Enthalpy Chart
Generalized Entropy Chart
Fugacity
Summary of Equations
Problems
Multicomponent Systems
Intensive State
Phase
Components of a Phase
Partial Properties
Gibbs Equation
Gibbs–Duhem Equation
Fugacity of a Component in a Solution
Standard State and Activity
Fugacity Relations
Partial and Specific Properties for Binary Phase
Mixing
Summary of Equations
Problems
Equilibrium
Maximum Entropy Criterion
Minimum Energy Criterion
Minimum Gibbs Free Energy
Chemical Potential
Gibbs Phase Rule
Phase Equilibrium of Pure Substance
Equilibrium between Vapor Bubble and Liquid Phase
Equilibrium of Multicomponent Phases
Summary of Equations
Problems
Ideal Solutions
Mixing Volume
Enthalpy of Mixing
Entropy of Mixing
Binary Mixtures
Ideal Gas Mixtures
Phase Equilibrium in Multicomponent Mixtures
Equilibrium between Pure and Multicomponent Phase
Effect of Solute Concentration on Boiling Point
Effect of Pressure on Solubility
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
Osmosis
Exergy Analysis
Problems
Nonideal Solutions
Henry’s Law
Raoult’s Law
Dilute Solutions
Binary Nonideal Solutions
Enthalpy of Mixing for Nonideal Binary Solutions
Enthalpy Diagrams
Absorption Refrigeration
Summary of Equations
Problems
Chemical Reactions
Stoichiometry
Fuel Combustion
First Law for Chemical Reactions
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Enthalpy of Formation at Any Temperature
Free Energy of Formation at Any Temperature
Chemical Equilibrium
Exergy Considerations
Summary of Equations
Problems
Appendix
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Answers to Selected Problems
Bibliography
Index
Biography
Arthur Shavit, Chaim Gutfinger
