1st Edition

The Bench Grafter's Handbook Principles & Practice

By Brian E. Humphrey Copyright 2019
    680 Pages 500 Color Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    680 Pages 500 Color Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Containing 500 full color photographs and illustrations, The Bench Grafter’s Handbook: Principles and Practice presents exhaustive information on all aspects of bench grafting. It details requirements of more than 200 temperate woody plant genera, covering over 2,000 species and cultivars including important ornamental, temperate fruit, and nut crops. The book explains the principles and practices of bench grafting, new procedures to enhance grafting success, and recommendations for further scientific investigation.

    Practical issues to aid professionals and the beginner, include detailed accounts, supported by pictures and diagrams, of the main grafting methods, knifesmanship techniques, and methods of training. Provision and design, now and for the future, of suitable structures, grafting facilities, and equipment, to provide ideal controlled environments for grafts, are described.

    The book describes major grafting systems, sub-cold, cold, warm, supported warm, hot-pipe, and other grafting strategies. It provides details of health and safety issues; work stations, seat design, lighting levels; recorded output figures for various types of graft; grafting knives and tools; and methods of sharpening by hand and machine.

    Features:

    • Comprehensive description, pictures, and diagrams of how to learn and utilize important grafting methods.
    • Detailed information and scientific principles behind the selection, specification, and choice of the main graft components – the rootstock and scion.
    • Scientific principles and practicalities of providing optimal plant material, equipment, facilities and environmental conditions for graft union development including addressing the problems of graft incompatibility.
    • Discussion of the actual and potential role of bench grafting in woody plant conservation with suggestions for new initiatives.

    This book is intended for use by nurserymen; those involved in the upkeep of extensive plant collections; conservationists; plant scientists; lecturers in horticulture; horticultural students; and amateurs with an interest in grafting.

    Contents

    Preface...........................................................................................................................................xxix

    Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... xxxiii

    Author.........................................................................................................................................xxxvii

    Introduction..................................................................................................................................xxxix

    PART ONE Bench Grafting in Practice

    Chapter 1 Grafting in Nature and in the Hands of the Grafter......................................................3

    Vascular Continuity.......................................................................................................3

    Chapter 2 Grafting Strategies: Categorisation of Grafting Methods.............................................7

    Grafting Strategies........................................................................................................7

    Apical Grafting.........................................................................................................7

    Side Grafting............................................................................................................7

    Apical and Side Grafting Strategies Compared............................................................8

    Speed........................................................................................................................8

    Space Requirements.................................................................................................8

    Growth and Survival................................................................................................8

    Convenience.............................................................................................................8

    Heading-Back: A Specific Requirement of Side Grafts...........................................9

    Grafting: The Five Basic Methods.............................................................................. 11

    Splice Grafts........................................................................................................... 11

    Veneer Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12

    Wedge Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12

    Inlay Grafts............................................................................................................. 13

    Rind Grafts............................................................................................................. 13

    The Three Categories of Importance to Bench Grafters............................................ 14

    Apical Veneer, Splice and Wedge Grafts Compared.................................................. 15

    Machine and Tool-Made Grafts.................................................................................. 16

    Chapter 3 Making the Graft......................................................................................................... 19

    The Basics................................................................................................................... 19

    Understanding Stem and Root Cambia.................................................................. 19

    Importance of Good Knifesmanship...................................................................... 19

    Preparation of Components Prior to Grafting................................................... 19

    Holding the Knife – Support and Control......................................................... 19

    Splice Grafts................................................................................................................ 21

    Splice Grafting Methods........................................................................................ 21

    Alternative Splice Grafting Method..................................................................24

    Whip and Tongue Graft..........................................................................................27

    Whip and Tongue Grafting Methods.................................................................27

    Veneer Grafts..............................................................................................................28

    Apical Veneer Grafts..............................................................................................29

    Short Tongue Apical Veneer (Apical Veneer)....................................................29

    Long Tongue Apical Veneer (Modified Apical Veneer)....................................29

    Side Veneer Grafts..................................................................................................30

    Short Tongue Side Veneer (Side Veneer)........................................................... 31

    Long Tongue Side Veneer (Modified Side Veneer)........................................... 31

    Side Sloping Veneer........................................................................................... 31

    Veneer Grafting Methods....................................................................................... 33

    Sequence of Cuts for Veneer Grafts.................................................................. 33

    Cambial Alignment for Veneer Grafts..............................................................38

    Wedge Grafts...............................................................................................................40

    Apical Wedge Graft................................................................................................40

    Rootstock Cuts for Wedge Grafts...................................................................... 41

    Scion Cuts for Wedge Grafts............................................................................. 41

    Cambial Alignment for Wedge Grafts................................................................... 42

    Side Wedge Graft................................................................................................... 42

    Chapter 4 Fine Tuning Grafting: Positioning; Sequences; Training; Rates of Work.................. 43

    Positioning Grafts........................................................................................................ 43

    Height above Root Collar or Soil Level................................................................. 43

    Rootstock and Scion Placement – Stimulant Bud – Grafting Methods................. 43

    Priority – Scion or Rootstock?.................................................................................... 45

    Sequence of Actions for Performing the Graft........................................................... 47

    Training and Practice.................................................................................................. 47

    Rates of Work..............................................................................................................49

    Chapter 5 Grafting Knives: Grafting Machines and Tools.......................................................... 51

    Knife Selection............................................................................................................ 51

    Folding Blade Knives............................................................................................. 51

    Design and Construction................................................................................... 51

    Folding Blade Models............................................................................................. 52

    Fixed Blade Knives................................................................................................54

    Disposable Blade Knives........................................................................................54

    Knife Sharpening........................................................................................................ 55

    Hand Sharpening – Equipment and Materials....................................................... 55

    Choice of Cutting Edge Angle...........................................................................56

    Stone Choice and Maintenance of Sharpening Stones......................................56

    Procedures.........................................................................................................56

    Techniques for Curved (Hooked) Blades.......................................................... 57

    Stages in Sharpening – Burr Removal – Honing................................................... 58

    Honing............................................................................................................... 58

    Stropping............................................................................................................ 58

    Cutting Edge Retention..................................................................................... 59

    Key Points for Effective Hand Sharpening............................................................ 59

    Machine and Machine‑Aided Knife Sharpening...................................................60

    Sharpening Aids................................................................................................60

    Sharpening Machines........................................................................................60

    Testing for Sharpness.............................................................................................60

    Knife Maintenance.................................................................................................60

    Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools....................................................................... 61

    Grafting Machines.................................................................................................. 61

    Grafting Tools........................................................................................................63

    Chapter 6 Ties – Tying and Sealing.............................................................................................65

    Basic Principles...........................................................................................................65

    Tying Materials...........................................................................................................65

    Non-Enclosing and Enclosing Ties.............................................................................66

    Non-Enclosing Ties................................................................................................66

    Tying-In Procedures and Techniques for Non-Enclosing Ties.......................... 67

    Tying-Off........................................................................................................... 70

    Enclosing Ties........................................................................................................ 71

    Tying Procedures for Enclosing Ties................................................................. 71

    Self-Adhesive Enclosing Ties................................................................................. 72

    Mechanised Tying-In......................................................................................... 72

    Alternative Graft Fixing Methods............................................................................... 73

    Sealants and Waxes..................................................................................................... 74

    Hot Sealants............................................................................................................ 74

    Melting Hot Waxes............................................................................................ 75

    Cold Sealants.......................................................................................................... 75

    Application Methods.............................................................................................. 76

    Brush Application.............................................................................................. 76

    Dipping.............................................................................................................. 76

    Chapter 7 Work Station: Equipment and Associated Ancillary and Safety Equipment............. 79

    Centralised, Integral or Mobile Workstations............................................................. 79

    Work Station – Logistics of Handling Grafts and Rootstocks............................... 79

    Work Station Equipment.............................................................................................80

    The Grafting Bench.....................................................................................................80

    Height Adjustment Related to Seating and Method............................................... 81

    Layout and Handling..............................................................................................82

    Grafting Procedures and Bench Design.................................................................82

    Seating.........................................................................................................................82

    Seat and Bench Placement......................................................................................82

    Lighting.......................................................................................................................83

    Ancillary Equipment and Activities – Safety Equipment...........................................83

    Secateurs.................................................................................................................84

    Bench and Plant Material Cleanliness...................................................................84

    Knife Blade Cleaning and Sterilisation..................................................................84

    Inspecting Grafts....................................................................................................85

    Labelling and Marking...........................................................................................85

    Protective Clothing.................................................................................................86

    Production Planning, Computers and Recording Data...............................................86

    First Aid Equipment, Health and Safety and Risk Assessments................................87

    Risk Assessments...................................................................................................88

    PART TWO The Graft Components – Rootstock and Scion

    Chapter 8 Rootstocks: Origin and Underlying Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.............. 91

    Origin.......................................................................................................................... 91

    Seedlings................................................................................................................ 91

    Clonal.....................................................................................................................92

    Roots or Root Systems............................................................................................92

    Unrooted Stems......................................................................................................93

    Size of Rootstock.........................................................................................................94

    Root Pressure (Bleeding) and Root Activity...............................................................94

    Chapter 9 Rootstocks: Categories; Acquisition; Specifications; Culture.....................................97

    Categories of Rootstocks.............................................................................................97

    Acquisition..................................................................................................................97

    Bought-In Rootstocks.............................................................................................97

    In-House Production...............................................................................................98

    Rootstock Specifications – Terms Used......................................................................98

    Bare-Root Deciduous Rootstocks...............................................................................99

    Specifications to Meet Requirements.....................................................................99

    Transport – Reception and Handling.....................................................................99

    Preparation for Immediate Use..............................................................................99

    Storage (Short- or Long-Term).............................................................................. 100

    Bare-Root Evergreen Rootstocks.............................................................................. 100

    Requirements – Specifications............................................................................. 100

    Transport – Reception and Handling................................................................... 100

    Storage.................................................................................................................. 101

    Root-Balled Rootstocks............................................................................................. 101

    Rootstocks for Top-Working..................................................................................... 101

    Rootstocks for Cuttings-Grafts................................................................................. 101

    Potted Rootstocks – Sourced from Other Producers................................................ 102

    Requirements – Specifications............................................................................. 102

    Transport and Handling........................................................................................ 102

    Reception for Grafting Shortly after Arrival....................................................... 102

    Reception for Use at a Later Date........................................................................ 102

    Potted Rootstocks – Produced In-House................................................................... 102

    Specifications........................................................................................................ 103

    Pot Sizes and Types.............................................................................................. 103

    Plug Grown................................................................................................................ 104

    Specification and Types........................................................................................ 104

    Requirements and Handling................................................................................. 104

    Rootstock Culture – Bare-Root................................................................................. 105

    Soil – Sowing – Seedling Density........................................................................ 105

    Herbicides for Rootstocks Growing in the Field.................................................. 105

    Rootstock Culture – Pot Grown................................................................................ 105

    Establishment....................................................................................................... 105

    Potting Composts................................................................................................. 106

    Growing Conditions............................................................................................. 106

    Weed Control Strategies....................................................................................... 107

    Pesticide Use......................................................................................................... 108

    Drying-Off Pot Grown Rootstocks........................................................................... 108

    Chapter 10 Scions – General Principles – Acquisition – Stock Mother Plants – Selection

    and Collection........................................................................................................... 111

    Scions and Cuttings Compared................................................................................. 111

    Principles for Selection of Scion Wood..................................................................... 111

    Differences between ‘Ripe’ and ‘Unripe’ Shoots................................................ 112

    Scion Acquisition – Non-Commercial Sources........................................................ 113

    Plant Collections................................................................................................... 113

    Scion Acquisition – Commercial Suppliers.............................................................. 114

    Other Nurserymen or Specialist Suppliers........................................................... 114

    Overseas Sources.................................................................................................. 114

    High Health Status Material................................................................................. 115

    Scion Acquisition from Internal Sources.................................................................. 116

    Scions from Growing on Stock............................................................................ 116

    Scions from Dedicated Container Grown Mother Plants..................................... 116

    Scions from Stock Mother Plant Beds.................................................................. 117

    Strategic Advantages....................................................................................... 117

    Technical Advantages...................................................................................... 117

    Disadvantages.................................................................................................. 118

    Yield of Scion Material from Stock Mother Plant Beds...................................... 118

    Establishment and Maintenance of Stock Beds........................................................ 119

    Site and Soil – Initial Assessments....................................................................... 119

    Soil Preparation.................................................................................................... 119

    Planting Procedures and Design.......................................................................... 120

    Weed Control........................................................................................................ 120

    Pesticide and Fungicide Application.................................................................... 121

    Pruning and Training Stock Mother Plants.............................................................. 121

    Deciduous Trees................................................................................................... 121

    Deciduous Shrubs................................................................................................. 122

    Evergreen Trees and Shrubs................................................................................. 123

    Conifers................................................................................................................ 123

    Upright Formal Shaped Conifers..................................................................... 123

    Upright Informal Shaped Conifers..................................................................124

    Spreading and Dwarf Conifers........................................................................124

    Climbers...............................................................................................................124

    Scions for Winter Grafts...........................................................................................124

    Deciduous Hardwoods..........................................................................................124

    Collection.........................................................................................................124

    Storage............................................................................................................. 125

    Preparation....................................................................................................... 126

    Evergreen Hardwoods Scions............................................................................... 126

    Collection......................................................................................................... 126

    Storage – Preparation....................................................................................... 127

    Scions for Summer Grafts......................................................................................... 127

    Summer Dormant Deciduous and Evergreen....................................................... 127

    Collection......................................................................................................... 127

    Storage............................................................................................................. 127

    Preparation....................................................................................................... 127

    Summer Active Deciduous and Evergreen........................................................... 128

    Collection......................................................................................................... 128

    Storage............................................................................................................. 129

    Preparation....................................................................................................... 129

    Conifer Scions........................................................................................................... 129

    Handling/Preparation for Conifer Scions............................................................. 129

    Storage............................................................................................................. 130

    Transport of Scion Material...................................................................................... 130

    Post Grafting Scion Growth – Use of Bud Growth Stimulants................................ 130

    PART THREE Achieving the Union

    Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Graft Union Formation and Development................... 135

    Basic Woody Plant Anatomy.................................................................................... 135

    Woody Plant – Primary Stem Anatomy............................................................... 135

    Woody Plant – Secondary Stem Anatomy........................................................... 136

    Woody Plant Anatomy – Vascular System........................................................... 137

    Graft Union Formation.............................................................................................. 138

    Union Formation – Response to Wounding......................................................... 138

    Stages in the Formation of the Graft Union......................................................... 139

    First Stage – Necrotic Plate............................................................................. 139

    Second Stage.................................................................................................... 140

    Third Stage...................................................................................................... 140

    Fourth Stage..................................................................................................... 141

    Diagrammatic Representation of Graft Union Formation................................... 142

    Factors Influencing Callus Development.................................................................. 144

    Genetic Influence.................................................................................................. 144

    Rootstock – Scion – Grafting Method.................................................................. 144

    Temperature.......................................................................................................... 144

    Rootstock Activity, Root Extension...................................................................... 146

    Moisture, Humidity, Oxygen – Effects of Sealing............................................... 146

    Timing/Seasonal Patterns/Pruning...................................................................... 147

    Polarity................................................................................................................. 148

    Stimulant Buds..................................................................................................... 148

    Root Pressure (Bleeding)...................................................................................... 149

    Genetic Variability........................................................................................... 152

    Stage of Growth – Timing............................................................................... 154

    Root Temperature............................................................................................ 154

    Substrate Moisture........................................................................................... 154

    Side Graft, Height of Graft.............................................................................. 154

    Graft Hybrids............................................................................................................ 154

    Rootstock and Scion Interactions.............................................................................. 156

    Chapter 12 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 159

    Recognising Incompatibility..................................................................................... 159

    Causes of Incompatibility......................................................................................... 159

    Predicting Compatibility........................................................................................... 162

    Future Progress – Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility...................................... 163

    Double-Working................................................................................................... 164

    Proven Inter-Stems.......................................................................................... 164

    Unproven Inter-Stems...................................................................................... 165

    Other Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility..................................................... 167

    Hybrid Seedlings............................................................................................. 167

    Root Grafting................................................................................................... 169

    Chapter 13 Graft Environment for Graft Union Development.................................................... 171

    Water Exchange and Loss between the Plant and the Atmosphere.......................... 171

    Humidity – The Enclosed (Supportive) Environment.......................................... 172

    Water – Practical Methods of Preventing Water Loss in Grafts.......................... 173

    Rootstocks........................................................................................................ 173

    Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Dormant Leafless Scions.............. 173

    Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Leafy and De-Leaved Scions....... 174

    High Humidity Combined with Sealing.......................................................... 174

    Temperature – The Graft Environment..................................................................... 174

    Additional Heat.................................................................................................... 174

    Shading................................................................................................................. 175

    Shading in High Humidity (Enclosed) Environments......................................... 175

    Shade Level Calculations................................................................................. 177

    Ventilation – Temperature and Humidity Control.................................................... 177

    Macro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 177

    Micro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 178

    Setting-Up and Management of the Enclosed Environment..................................... 178

    Bed Design........................................................................................................... 178

    Bed Layout – Condensation.................................................................................. 179

    Moisture Level and Temperature of Standing Down Substrate........................... 179

    Cover Materials.................................................................................................... 179

    Anti-Condensation Strategies............................................................................... 180

    Management of the Environment within Walk-In Structures.............................. 183

    Monitoring Grafts during Union Formation............................................................. 184

    Graft Treatments....................................................................................................... 184

    Influencing Union Development........................................................................... 184

    Disease Suppression............................................................................................. 185

    Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation................................................................ 185

    PART FOUR Facilities: Structures and Equipment

    Chapter 14 Protected Structures – High Humidity Enclosures – Shading Materials.................. 189

    Glasshouses............................................................................................................... 189

    Walk-In Enclosed Structures within a Glasshouse or Polytunnel........................ 190

    Polytunnels................................................................................................................ 190

    Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels.......................................................... 191

    Poly-Tent.................................................................................................................... 192

    Holding Tent.............................................................................................................. 192

    Shading – External.................................................................................................... 194

    Natural Shade....................................................................................................... 194

    Shade Hall............................................................................................................ 194

    Additional External Hoops................................................................................... 195

    Direct Application................................................................................................ 195

    Shading – Internal/External...................................................................................... 195

    Shading Screens................................................................................................... 196

    Chapter 15 Ground Level Beds – Benches – Heating – Humidification..................................... 197

    Ground Level Beds within Greenhouses.................................................................. 197

    Ground Level Beds for Cold or Warm Callusing................................................. 197

    Warm Callusing – Provision of Heat for Ground Level Beds.............................. 197

    Electricity........................................................................................................ 197

    Hot Water......................................................................................................... 198

    Providing Bottom Heat and Space Heating..................................................... 199

    Grafting Beds.................................................................................................. 199

    Bottom Heat throughout the Entire Floor........................................................200

    Grafts Housed on Benches........................................................................................ 201

    Bench Heating Systems........................................................................................202

    Thermostats...............................................................................................................202

    Thermostats – Electro-Mechanical......................................................................202

    Thermostats – Digital (Electronic).......................................................................202

    Humidification...........................................................................................................202

    Chapter 16 Hot-Pipe Facilities: Design and Construction...........................................................205

    Hot-Pipe – Heat Source.............................................................................................205

    Electricity.............................................................................................................205

    Hot Water..............................................................................................................206

    The Heating Chamber...............................................................................................206

    Slotted Cover........................................................................................................206

    Layered Slotted Cover.....................................................................................208

    Solid Cover (‘Sandwiched’ Cover).......................................................................208

    Extruded Polystyrene Sheets Fabricated to Shape..........................................208

    Half-Round Plastic Rainwater Gutters............................................................209

    Square Section Rainwater Gutters................................................................... 211

    Plywood or Insulating Boards Fabricated to Shape........................................ 211

    Hot-Pipe – Stacked Assemblies............................................................................ 211

    Separate Assembly Stacking........................................................................... 211

    Integrated Assembly Stacking......................................................................... 212

    Alternative Design for Aligned Chambers................................................................ 214

    ‘Economy’ Design..................................................................................................... 214

    Summer Storage........................................................................................................ 215

    Temperature Control for Hot-Pipe Systems.............................................................. 215

    Chapter 17 Growth Chambers for Grafts.................................................................................... 217

    PART FIVE Grafting Systems

    Chapter 18 Features and Management of Different Grafting Systems....................................... 221

    Sub-Cold Callusing (Hibernation Callusing)............................................................ 221

    Cold Callusing – For Deciduous Species..................................................................222

    Bare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................222

    Potted Rootstocks.................................................................................................223

    Modified Cold Callusing...........................................................................................224

    Warm Callusing.........................................................................................................224

    Dormant Hardwood Species.................................................................................225

    Deciduous Hardwoods in Summer Dormancy.....................................................225

    Deciduous Hardwood Species in Active Growth (Early/Mid-Summer

    Grafting)...............................................................................................................226

    Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods...........................................................................226

    Summer Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods............................................................226

    Summer Active Evergreen Hardwoods................................................................227

    Supported Warm Callusing Systems.........................................................................228

    Conifer Grafting........................................................................................................228

    Deciduous Conifers..............................................................................................229

    Evergreen Conifers...............................................................................................229

    Pinaceae and Sciadopityaceae.........................................................................229

    Cupressaceae...................................................................................................230

    Aurucariaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae................................................. 231

    Summer Dormant Conifers.................................................................................. 231

    Hot-Pipe (Hot Callusing) – Horticultural Management – Plant Material................. 231

    Output and Capacity............................................................................................. 233

    Rootstocks............................................................................................................ 233

    Grafting Methods.................................................................................................234

    Temperature and Timing...................................................................................... 235

    Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation...........................................................236

    Top-Working..............................................................................................................236

    Frame-Working......................................................................................................... 239

    Enhanced Scion Production......................................................................................240

    Double-Working........................................................................................................240

    Multi-Grafts..............................................................................................................240

    Root Grafting............................................................................................................242

    Source, Specifications and Storage.......................................................................242

    Grafting Methods and Tying-In............................................................................244

    Aftercare...............................................................................................................245

    Nurse Grafting..........................................................................................................245

    Nurse-Seed Grafting.................................................................................................246

    Grafting Method...................................................................................................246

    Aftercare.......................................................................................................... 247

    Cuttings-Grafts.......................................................................................................... 247

    Pre-Formed Roots................................................................................................ 247

    Unrooted Stems....................................................................................................248

    “Long John” Grafts...................................................................................................249

    Approach Grafting; Grafting with Attached Scions.................................................250

    Deciding upon the Best Grafting Strategy, Method and System..............................250

    Small Grafting Unit Concerned with Species Diversity......................................250

    Large, Specialised Grafting Unit Concerned with High Output.......................... 251

    PART SIX Role of Grafting in Conservation

    Chapter 19 Conservation.............................................................................................................. 255

    Conservation of Plants in Cultivation (Ex Situ)........................................................ 255

    Conservation of Plants in the Wild (In Situ)............................................................. 255

    Propagation for Conservation....................................................................................256

    Attributes of Grafting for Conservation............................................................... 257

    Genetic Integrity; Diversity; Selection............................................................ 257

    Transport – Plant Health.................................................................................. 257

    Successful Outcomes – Rejuvenation.............................................................. 257

    Output.............................................................................................................. 258

    Speed of Response........................................................................................... 258

    Facility Requirements...................................................................................... 258

    Technical Input – Artisan Involvement – Skills Transfer................................ 258

    Practical Applications for Grafting in Conservation............................................ 258

    Recovery of Endangered Species from the Wild............................................. 258

    Recovery of Juvenility..................................................................................... 259

    Retention of Genetic Integrity......................................................................... 259

    Speed and Quantity of Production................................................................... 259

    Need for Rapid Response................................................................................ 259

    Rootstock Selection to Overcome Environmental Challenges........................260

    Grafting Potential for Red List Species....................................................................260

    Setting Up a Grafting Facility................................................................................... 261

    The Future of Grafting in Conservation................................................................... 261

    PART SEVEN Genera Specific Requirements

    Introduction.....................................................................................................................................265

    Chapter 20 Abies (Pinaceae) – Fir............................................................................................... 267

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 267

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 267

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 267

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 267

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 267

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................268

    Systems......................................................................................................................268

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 270

    After Care.................................................................................................................. 270

    Growing On............................................................................................................... 271

    Chapter 21 Acer (Sapindaceae) – Maple...................................................................................... 273

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 273

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 273

    Timing.......................................................................................................................280

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 281

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................282

    Potted, Plug Grown and Bare-Root Rootstocks...................................................283

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................284

    Systems......................................................................................................................284

    Dormant Season Grafting....................................................................................284

    Hot-Pipe System...................................................................................................286

    Summer Grafting..................................................................................................286

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................287

    Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................288

    After Care..................................................................................................................288

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................289

    Growing On...............................................................................................................289

    Chapter 22 Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) – Kiwi Fruit...................................................................... 291

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 291

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 291

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 291

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 291

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 291

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................292

    Systems......................................................................................................................292

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................292

    Growing On...............................................................................................................292

    Chapter 23 Aesculus (Sapindaceae) – Horse Chestnut & Buckeye.............................................293

    Introduction...............................................................................................................293

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................293

    Timing.......................................................................................................................293

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................294

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................294

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................294

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 295

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 295

    Top-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 295

    Growing On............................................................................................................... 295

    Chapter 24 Amelanchier (Rosaceae) – Snowy Mespilus.............................................................297

    Introduction...............................................................................................................297

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................297

    Timing.......................................................................................................................297

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................297

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................297

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................297

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 298

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................298

    Growing On...............................................................................................................298

    Chapter 25 Aralia (Araliaceae)....................................................................................................299

    Introduction...............................................................................................................299

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................299

    Timing.......................................................................................................................299

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................299

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................302

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................302

    Systems......................................................................................................................303

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................303

    Growing On...............................................................................................................303

    Chapter 26 Berberis & Mahonia (Berberidaceae).......................................................................305

    Introduction...............................................................................................................305

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................305

    Timing.......................................................................................................................305

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................305

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................306

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................306

    Systems......................................................................................................................306

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................306

    Growing On...............................................................................................................306

    Chapter 27 Betula (Betulaceae) – Birch......................................................................................307

    Introduction...............................................................................................................307

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................307

    Timing.......................................................................................................................308

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................308

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................309

    Plug Grown Rootstocks........................................................................................ 310

    Bare-Root Rootstocks........................................................................................... 311

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 311

    Mother Trees/Storage........................................................................................... 311

    Size/Quality.......................................................................................................... 311

    Alternative Scion Wood/Scions for Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................. 312

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 312

    Cold Callusing...................................................................................................... 313

    Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 313

    Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 313

    Late Spring/Early Summer – Late Summer Grafting.......................................... 313

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 313

    Root Pressure/Drying Off.................................................................................... 313

    Temperature.......................................................................................................... 314

    Graft Infection Treatments................................................................................... 314

    Care of Grafts before, during and after Union Formation........................................ 315

    Top-Worked and Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................................................... 315

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 316

    Growing On............................................................................................................... 316

    Chapter 28 Camellia (Theaceae).................................................................................................. 317

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 317

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 317

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 317

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 318

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 319

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 321

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 321

    Contents xix

    Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 321

    Cuttings-Grafts..................................................................................................... 321

    Nurse Seed Grafting............................................................................................. 322

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 322

    Top-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 323

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 323

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 323

    Chapter 29 Carpinus (Betulaceae) – Hornbeam.......................................................................... 325

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 325

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 325

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 326

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 326

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 327

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 327

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 327

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 328

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 329

    Growing On............................................................................................................... 329

    Chapter 30 Cedrus (Pinaceae) – Cedar........................................................................................ 331

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 331

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 331

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 331

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 331

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 331

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 332

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 332

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 332

    Top-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 332

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 333

    Chapter 31 Cercis (Caesalpiniaceae) – Redbud, Judas Tree........................................................ 335

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 335

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 335

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 335

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 336

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 337

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 337

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 337

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 338

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 338

    Chapter 32 Chamaecyparis Including Xanthocyparis (Callitropsis) (Cupressaceae).................. 341

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 341

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 341

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 342

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 342

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 342

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................344

    Systems......................................................................................................................344

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................344

    Top-Worked Patio Plants...........................................................................................344

    Growing on................................................................................................................344

    Chapter 33 Cornus (Cornaceae) – Dogwoods, Cornels............................................................... 345

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 345

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 345

    Timing.......................................................................................................................346

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................346

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 347

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 347

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 350

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 350

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 350

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 350

    Chapter 34 Corylus (Betulaceae) – Hazel.................................................................................... 351

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 351

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 351

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 352

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 352

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 352

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 352

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 352

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 353

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 353

    Chapter 35 Cupressus (Cupressaceae) – Cypress........................................................................ 355

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 355

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 355

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 355

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 355

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 355

    Scion wood................................................................................................................ 356

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 356

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 356

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 356

    Chapter 36 Daphne (Thymelaeaceae).......................................................................................... 357

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 357

    Compatibility ............................................................................................................ 357

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 357

    Contents xxi

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 357

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 358

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................360

    Systems......................................................................................................................360

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 361

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 361

    Chapter 37 Fagus (Fagaceae) – Beech......................................................................................... 363

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 363

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 363

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 363

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................364

    Rootstocks ................................................................................................................364

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................364

    Systems......................................................................................................................365

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................365

    Top-Worked Trees.....................................................................................................365

    Growing on ...............................................................................................................366

    Chapter 38 Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae) – Witch Hazel......................................................... 367

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 367

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 367

    Timing.......................................................................................................................368

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................368

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................368

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................369

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 370

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 371

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 371

    Chapter 39 Juglans (Juglandaceae) – Walnuts............................................................................. 373

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 373

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 373

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 374

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 374

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 375

    Rootstock Propagation.......................................................................................... 376

    Blackline Disease................................................................................................. 378

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 378

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 379

    Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 379

    Warm Callusing – Enclosed Conditions.......................................................... 379

    Warm Callusing – Callusing Boxes................................................................. 379

    Root Grafting........................................................................................................380

    Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 381

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 381

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 383

    Chapter 40 Juniperus (Cupressaceae) – Juniper.......................................................................... 385

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 385

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 385

    Timing.......................................................................................................................386

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................386

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 387

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................388

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 388

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 389

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................390

    Growing on................................................................................................................390

    Chapter 41 Magnolia (Magnoliaceae).......................................................................................... 391

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 391

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 391

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 393

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 394

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 395

    Choice of Alternatives.......................................................................................... 395

    Seed-Raised Rootstocks....................................................................................... 396

    Cuttings Raised Rootstocks.................................................................................. 398

    Conclusions on Rootstocks...................................................................................399

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 401

    Systems......................................................................................................................403

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................404

    Growing on................................................................................................................404

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................405

    Chapter 42 Malus (Rosaceae) – Flowering Crabs and Orchard Apples......................................407

    Introduction...............................................................................................................407

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................407

    Flowering Crabs...................................................................................................407

    Timing.......................................................................................................................408

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................408

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................409

    Ornamental Crabs................................................................................................409

    Orchard Apples.....................................................................................................409

    Double-Working.............................................................................................. 410

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 410

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 413

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 413

    Top-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 413

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 413

    Chapter 43 Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) – Tree Paeony....................................................................... 415

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 415

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 415

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 415

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 415

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 416

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 417

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 417

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 419

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 419

    Chapter 44 Picea (Pinaceae) – Spruce......................................................................................... 421

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 421

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 421

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 421

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 422

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 423

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................424

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 425

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 426

    Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 428

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 429

    Chapter 45 Pinus (Pinaceae) – Pines........................................................................................... 431

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 431

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 431

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 433

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 433

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 434

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 434

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 435

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 437

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 437

    Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 438

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 438

    Chapter 46 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental Prunus................................................................. 439

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 439

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 439

    Timing.......................................................................................................................442

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................442

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................442

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................443

    Systems......................................................................................................................443

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................444

    Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................444

    Growing on................................................................................................................444

    Chapter 47 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Almonds and Stone Fruits.......................................................445

    Introduction...............................................................................................................445

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................445

    Timing.......................................................................................................................445

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................445

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................445

    Almonds...............................................................................................................446

    Apricots................................................................................................................446

    Peaches and Nectarines........................................................................................446

    Plums.................................................................................................................... 450

    Apriums and Pluots.............................................................................................. 450

    Sweet and Sour Cherries...................................................................................... 450

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 452

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 452

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 452

    Chapter 48 Pyrus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental and Fruiting Pears................................................. 453

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 453

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 453

    Ornamental Pears................................................................................................. 453

    Fruiting Pears....................................................................................................... 454

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 455

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 456

    Rootstocks for Fruiting Pears.................................................................................... 456

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 457

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 457

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 457

    Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 457

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 457

    Chapter 49 Quercus (Fagaceae) – Oaks....................................................................................... 459

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 459

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 459

    Further Discussion on Compatibility...................................................................460

    Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis...............................................................................460

    Subgenus Quercus: Section Cerris...................................................................462

    Subgenus Quercus: Sections Mesobalanus and Quercus.................................462

    Subgenus Quercus: Section Protobalanus........................................................463

    Subgenus Quercus: Section Lobatae................................................................463

    Inter-Sectional Combinations – Potential Inter-Stems....................................463

    Effects of Particular Combinations.................................................................464

    Timing.......................................................................................................................464

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................464

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................466

    Pot and Plug Grown Rootstocks...........................................................................466

    Bare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................467

    Root Grafts...........................................................................................................467

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................467

    Systems......................................................................................................................468

    Warm Callusing....................................................................................................468

    Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................469

    Root Grafting........................................................................................................469

    Nurse-Seed Grafting............................................................................................469

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 470

    Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 470

    Growing on................................................................................................................ 470

    Chapter 50 Rhododendron (Ericaceae)........................................................................................ 471

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 471

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 471

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 473

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 473

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 475

    Rootstock Selection.............................................................................................. 475

    Rootstocks for Large Leaved Types..................................................................... 476

    Rootstock Stem..................................................................................................... 477

    Pot Grown versus Bare-root................................................................................. 478

    Raising Clonal Rootstocks................................................................................... 478

    Specifications........................................................................................................ 479

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 479

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 481

    Management of Rootstock – Heading-back.........................................................482

    Summer Grafting..................................................................................................482

    Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................483

    Modified Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................485

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................486

    Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................488

    Growing on................................................................................................................488

    Chapter 51 Sorbus (Rosaceae) – Mountain Ash, Whitebeam.....................................................489

    Introduction...............................................................................................................489

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................489

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 491

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................492

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................492

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................492

    Systems......................................................................................................................492

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................492

    Growing On...............................................................................................................492

    Chapter 52 Syringa (Oleaceae) – Lilac, French Lilac.................................................................. 493

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 493

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 493

    Timing.......................................................................................................................494

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................494

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 495

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................496

    Systems......................................................................................................................496

    Field Planting........................................................................................................497

    Potting Up/On.......................................................................................................497

    Summer Grafting..................................................................................................497

    Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................497

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 498

    Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 498

    Growing On............................................................................................................... 498

    Chapter 53 Tilia (Malvaceae) – Lime-trees, Lindens, Basswoods..............................................499

    Introduction...............................................................................................................499

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................499

    Timing.......................................................................................................................500

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................500

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................502

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................503

    Systems......................................................................................................................503

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................504

    Growing On...............................................................................................................504

    Chapter 54 Viburnum (Adoxaceae).............................................................................................505

    Introduction...............................................................................................................505

    Compatibility.............................................................................................................505

    Timing.......................................................................................................................506

    Grafting Methods......................................................................................................507

    Rootstocks.................................................................................................................507

    Scion Wood...............................................................................................................508

    Systems......................................................................................................................508

    Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................508

    Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................508

    Growing On...............................................................................................................509

    Chapter 55 Vitis (Vitaceae) – Vines, Grapevines........................................................................ 511

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 511

    Compatibility............................................................................................................. 511

    Timing....................................................................................................................... 511

    Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 511

    Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 512

    Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 513

    Systems...................................................................................................................... 513

    Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 515

    Growing On............................................................................................................... 516

    PART EIGHT Genera Grafting Guide Tables

    Chapter 56 Grafting Table List.................................................................................................... 519

    Introduction............................................................................................................... 519

    APPENDICES

    Appendix A: List of Families and Genera Field Grafted.......................................................... 557

    Appendix B: List of Families Bench Grafted and with Potential to Graft.............................. 559

    Appendix C: Practice Holders..................................................................................................... 561

    Appendix D: Outputs for Bench Grafting.................................................................................. 563

    Appendix E: Knife Types Other than Tina................................................................................565

    Appendix F: Knife Sharpening – Cutting Edge Grind Types.................................................. 567

    Appendix G: Types of Sharpening Stones.................................................................................. 569

    Appendix H: Honing - Strops and Honing Machines - Corrosion Prevention....................... 571

    Appendix I: Sharpening Aids...................................................................................................... 573

    Appendix J: Knife Sharpening Machines.................................................................................. 575

    Appendix K: Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools............................................................... 577

    Appendix L: Workstations: Integral, Static and Mobile.......................................................... 581

    Appendix M: Grafting Bench Design and Construction.......................................................... 583

    Appendix N: Seat Design.............................................................................................................. 585

    Appendix O: Lighting Levels for Grafting Benches.................................................................. 587

    Appendix P: Effect of Fungicides on Graft Success.................................................................. 589

    Appendix Q: Design and Construction of Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels......... 591

    Appendix R: Hot-Pipe Solid Cover Heating Chamber Dimensions......................................... 593

    Appendix S: ‘Economy’ Hot-Pipe Design................................................................................... 595

    Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 597

    Plant Index..................................................................................................................................... 611

    Index............................................................................................................................................... 629

    Biography

    Brian Humphrey commenced work in local nurseries in 1954 followed by two years National Service in the Royal Air Force before taking up a studentship at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A two-year studentship at Writtle Agricultural College (now Writtle University College) followed, and provided the opportunity to gain the Royal Horticultural Society’s National Diploma (now Master of Horticulture) with Honours.

    Joining Hillier Nurseries in 1963 as a propagator, he became a member of the Plant Propagator’s Society based in the US in 1964 and aided in the formation of the first overseas chapter of the Society, the GB and I Region, in 1968–69. He was the inaugural President of the region in 1969 and was awarded the International Award of Honour by that Society in 1993.

    Promotion at Hilliers lead to the position of Production Director and the opportunity to develop various aspects of the nursery, which, at that time, grew commercially the widest range of temperate woody plants in the world. Joining Notcutt’s Nurseries in 1986 provided opportunities for further experience. Prior to retirement, over a decade was spent running his own wholesale nursery specialising in grafted plants.

    Involvement and subsequent chairmanship of the UK ornamental nursery industry research and development initiatives with the UK Ministry of Agriculture led to the award of an O.B.E. (Order of the British Empire) in 1987. In 2013, his work in the nurserystock industry and in various

    RHS projects was recognised by the award of the VMH (Victoria Medal of Honour) by the Royal Horticultural Society.

    He now lives in retirement in coastal Suffolk, eastern England and together with his wife maintains their garden with nearly seven acres of woodland and meadows of woody plants.

    "It seems to be the British sense of humour to refer to this book as the ‘Grafter`s Handbook’. Better to call it the ‘Grafter`s Bible’. It is quite impossible in a short review to do justice to, or touch on, the wealth of information, thoughts and hints given about grafting in this wonderfully comprehensive and entertaining book.) – ( ‘Everything you need to know but have never been told about bench grafting’ could be just another title) – ( Some chapters are extraordinary. In part three ‘Achieving the Union’ the author discusses the problems of incompatibility.) - (Incompatibility is examined in detail; understanding and recognising its causes and strategies to overcome it are discussed.) – (Part seven is the largest section of the book, dealing with all the different genera and species with a wealth of useful information about the right (and useless) rootstocks, time and technique of grafting etc.) –(it contains 500 full-colour photographs and illustrations, which of course makes reading more vivid. A plant index, a subject index and an extensive bibliography of the cited works shows the effort the author has put into his work over many years. This work will certainly be a long term standard reference book on bench grafting."

    Review from Eike Jablonski - Senior Professor and Head of Arboretum, Dendrology and Nursery section at Luxemburg College of Horticulture. Review in the International Dendrology Society Yearbook

    "This is a book for study as well as a great reference for all who want to learn about grafting or gain deeper knowledge of the craft. The book is divided into eight parts covering different aspects of grafting, from background knowledge (“Why Grafting?”) to a most usable checklist with details of more than 200 genera, encompassing over 2,000 species, varieties, and cultivars. […] this book will certainly be a long-term standard reference book for all who are propagating by grafting and for all who show an interest in grafting and want to know more […] Throughout the whole book, photographs and line drawings accompany the text. The book ends with a plant index, a subject index, and an extensive bibliography of works cited "
    Gert Fortgens, Director of the Trompenburg Arboretum Rotterdam, The International Oak Society Newsletter
     
    "Combining practice and science is at the core of Brian Humphrey’s immensely valuable book. […] he draws in this book on an immense fund of science-based practice. In so doing he achieves something which is almost unique, here is an author who distils decades of practical skills, knowledge and competence and produces a volume which will stand as the major reference tome for future generations. […] The book stands on the shoulders of past experts such as Robert Garner, Mike Dirr and Bruce MacDonald and surpasses their achievements since it comes as a direct result of highly-placed employment in the profit-making modern nursery industry. […] Every page of this weighty tome is packed solidly, but very readably, with practical knowledge and information. Brian Humphrey divides his work broadly into two parts - general principles and genera specific requirements. […] The Specific Requirements contains 35 intricate chapters dealing ‘A to Z’ with those genera that are propagated by bench grafting. Rounding this off is an extensive summary table which offers an immediate aide memoire for skilled propagators. [...] Each of these parts is well illustrated with coloured pictures adding interest and readability throughout the work. [...] Brian Humphrey has written a work of true scholarship derived from personal industrial experience integrated with scientific and technical knowledge, that is a very unusual achievement. This volume should be used throughout the nursery industry as a reference source, in colleges and universities as a teaching aid and bought as a cherished life-time purchase by students."
    Professor Geoff R. Dickson, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Institute of Horticulture Journal
     
    "This book is extraordinarily comprehensive packed with informed detail throughout its 628 pages [...] the amount of information is awe-inspiring, but it is presented in an accessible way, broken down into discrete chapters and sections, well signposted and with two comprehensive indices one on genera the other on subjects. Chapters are also illustrated with multiple photographs [...] the Bench grafter`s Handbook is the last word on the subject. It is a big step up on what has gone before and likely to remain the definitive work on the subject for years to come."
    Maurice Foster, Honary member of the RHS Woody Plant Committee, The Plant Review 
     
    "To distil a review of this book into a few short paragraphs is not easy. If the intention is to give the reader a flavour of what is contained within it, I would simply say this. It quite simply supersedes and excels what has gone before it. If you wish to understand what it takes to propagate some of our most treasured plants this will give you that information. [...] Whilst the experience, scholarship and technical information contained within the book are exceptional, what we should particularly celebrate and acknowledge is the desire, scholarly ability and dedication on the part of the author it has taken to produce this manuscript for us and future generations to enjoy and benefit from."
    Roderick White, Royal Horticultural Society`s Woody Plant Committee, Rhododendron Camellia and Magnolia Group (a Royal Horticultural Society Group) Bulletin
     
    "Looking in detail at the information I could not find any flaws at all [...] The information in Brian Humphrey`s book however is not only clear but it also seems very complete. [...] I can do nothing else but conclude this is a very thorough and practical piece of work. As a Dutchman I was also impressed by his extremely complete literature list, including even very many Dutch sources. These are often overlooked as they are written in our obscure language, which, apart from some Belgians and South Africans, nobody seems to understand. [...] it also is a handbook that helps the amateur as well as the professional [...] from the very basic principles of grafting, to pointers on how to put up a proper working station, or even how to sharpen a knife. I couldn`t think of anything regarding grafting that isn`t mentioned in detail in this handbook. I can recommend this book without any hesitation to anyone involved in grafting, wanting to understand more about the principles of grafting, or just requiring proper information about which plant to use as a rootstock."
    Cor van Gelderen Proprietor of the Esveld Nursery, Boskoop, The Maple Society Newsletter

    'This richly illustrated volume provides nearly encyclopedic coverage of every aspect of bench grafting and may well become the standard reference on the subject for the foreseeable future. In synthesizing decades of scientific literature and professional experience, British nurseryman Humphrey (awarded the O.B.E. in 1987) here outlines the anatomical and physiological principles underlying successful graft unions, and thoroughly describes the types of grafts that can be made and the materials, methods, systems, and facilities necessary to achieve them. Detailed literature reviews for 35 important plant genera, and general recommendations for grafting members of over 200 genera, provide essential information for practicing professionals. Additionally, the author raises significant questions (requiring continued scientific discovery) about the potential role grafting could play in future plant conservation efforts. This work will be of great value to professional and amateur horticulturalists alike, as well as horticulture educators and students.'

    --R. M. Warner, Michigan State University, CHOICE (May 2020) Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.