1st Edition

Surface Modeling High Accuracy and High Speed Methods

By Tian-Xiang Yue Copyright 2011
    712 Pages 181 Color Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    712 Pages 181 Color Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Although GIS provides powerful functionality for spatial analysis, data overlay and storage, these spatially oriented systems lack the ability to represent temporal dynamics, which is a major impediment to its use in surface modeling. However, rapid development of computing technology in recent years has made real-time spatial analysis and real-time data visualization become realizable. Based on newly developed methods, Surface Modeling: High Accuracy and High Speed Methods explores solutions to big-error and slow-efficiency problems, two critical challenges that have long plagued those working in with geographical information system (GIS) and computer-aided design (CAD).

    By developing high accuracy and high speed methods for surface modeling, the book builds a bridge between the mathematical-oriented theory of surface modeling and the user-oriented application where the user is actually able to retrieve information on the method itself. The author examines a novel method of high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) in terms of the fundamental theorem of surfaces. He then analyzes the coefficient matrix and develops an adaptive method of HASM (HASM-AM), a multi-grade method of HASM (HASM-MG), and an adjustment method of HASM (HASM-AD). He uses numerical tests and real world studies to demonstrate that HASM-AM, HASM-MG, and HASM-AD have highly accelerated computational speed, especially for simulations with huge computational work.

    Building on this, the book discusses a HASM-based method for dynamic simulation (HASM-FDS), and then applies HASM methods to simulate terrains, climate change, ecosystem change, land cover, and soil properties. It demonstrates HASM's potential for simulating population distribution, human carrying capacity, ecosystem services, ecological diversity, change detection, and wind velocity. The book concludes with a discussion of the problems that exist in surface modeling on a global level and evaluates possible solutions to these problems.

    Principles and Methods
    Introduction
    Surface Modeling
    Classical Methods
    Error and Multiscale Issues
    Geographical Information Systems
    References

    The Basic Method of HASM
    Introduction
    Theoretical Formulation
    Optimum Formulation
    Iterative Formulation of HASM
    Numerical Tests
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Comparative Analyses of Various HASM Algorithms
    Introduction
    Direct Algorithms of HASM
    Iterative Formulation of HASM and Its Coefficient Matrix Structure
    Gauss-Seidel Algorithm and Preconditioned Gauss-Seidel Algorithm
    Conjugate Gradient Algorithm and Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Algorithm
    Conclusions and Discussion
    References

    Adaptive Method of HASM
    Introduction
    Test Area and Data Acquisition
    The Adaptive Method of HASM
    Validation of HASM-AM
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    The Multigrid Method of HASM
    Introduction
    The Multigrid Method of HASM
    Comparative Analysis of HASM-MG with OK
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Adjustment Computation of HASM
    Adjustment Computation
    Adjustment Computation of HASM
    Tests of Accuracy and Computing Speed
    Conclusions and Discussion
    References

    An Optimal Control Method of HASM for DEM Construction and Its Validation
    Introduction
    HASM-OC
    Validation of HASM-OC
    Conclusions and Discussion
    References

    Basic Approach of HASM to Dynamic Simulation
    Introduction
    The Basic Formulation
    Numerical Test
    Conclusions and Discussion
    References

    Surface Modeling of Environment Components of Earth Surface
    Surface Modeling of DEM

    Introduction
    SRTM Void Filling
    Surface Modeling of DEM Based on Height-Sampling Points
    Surface Modeling of DEM Based on Topological Maps
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Surface Modeling of Population Distribution
    Introduction
    The SMPD Method
    SMPD-Based Population Simulation on a National Level of China
    Surface Modeling of Population Distribution in Beijing
    Conclusions and Discussion
    References

    Surface Modeling of Human Carrying Capacity
    Introduction
    Method
    Data Sets
    Food Provision Capacity of Terrestrial Ecosystems
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Changing Trends of Food Provision in China
    Introduction
    Farmland Change
    Yield Change and Food Production in Farmland
    Grassland Productivity
    Aquatic Products
    Import and Export of Food
    Population that Food Could Support
    Conclusions and Discussion
    References

    Surface Modeling of Ecological Diversity
    Introduction
    The Ecological Diversity Index
    Effects of Different Spatial Scales on the Relationship between Species Diversity and Ecosystem Diversity
    Case Studies
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Change Detection
    Introduction
    Landscape Change Detection
    Change Detection of Land Cover in the Yellow River Delta
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    The Simulation of Horizontal Wind Velocity
    Introduction
    Estimation of the Parameters
    The Simulation of Vertical Wind Profile
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Surface Modeling of Climatic Change and Scenarios
    Introduction
    The Downscaling of HadCM3 Scenarios on a Global Level
    Simulation of Climatic Surfaces on a National Level
    The Simulation of Climatic Surfaces on a Provincial Level
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Surface Modeling of Terrestrial Ecosystems
    Introduction
    Methods
    Scenarios of Terrestrial Ecosystems on a Global Level
    Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulation on a National Level
    Ecosystem Changing Trends on a Provincial Level
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Surface Modeling of Land Cover
    Introduction
    Land-Cover Classification and Transition Probability Matrixes
    The Spatial Distribution of Land-Cover Types
    Area Changes of Land-Cover Types
    Ecotope Diversity and Patch Connectivity of Land-Cover
    Mean Center Shifts of Land-Cover Types
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Surface Modeling of Soil Properties
    Introduction
    Materials and Methods
    Results and Analyses
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References

    Ecological Modeling and Earth Surface Simulation
    Introduction
    Earth Surface Modeling
    Systems Ecology
    Worldwide Collaborations
    Global Models
    Simulation Systems
    Discussion and Conclusions
    References
    Index

    Biography

    Tian-Xiang Yue

    "... essential reading for all interested in surface modeling because it presents a new high accuracy and high speed methodology of surface modeling. ... has made a new and important contribution to earth surface modeling. It is helpful for everybody involved in geographical information science, ecological informatics, landscape ecology, geography, computer-aided design, global earth observation, and planetary surface modeling."
    —Sven Erik Jørgensen, University of Copenhagen, Ecological Modelling