1st Edition
Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment
Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment describes experimental and theoretical studies on the effects of rocket burns and launchings on the near-the-Earth environment and geomagnetic fields. It illuminates the main geophysical and radiophysical effects on the ionosphere and magnetosphere surrounding the Earth that accompany rocket or cosmic apparatus burns and launchings from 1,000 to 10,000 kilometers.
The book analyzes the disturbances of plasma and the ambient magnetic and electric fields in the near-Earth environment from rocket burns and launchings from Russia, Kazakhstan, the United States, China, France, and other global space centers. Describing the radiophysical effects of rocket burn and launching in the middle and upper ionosphere, it focuses on the ecological consequences of space exploration—detailing methods for eliminating the harmful effects of space exploration.
Measurements for the studies presented in the book were carried out using numerous radiophysical methods and techniques, including HF Doppler radar, incoherent and coherent scatter radar systems, microwave radar, magnetometer, and optical instrumentation and spectroscopy.
The book analyzes the effects of rocket burns and launchings from 1975 to 2010 in worldwide launch campaigns. This book is an ideal reference for scientists in geophysics and radiophysics, specialists in rocket launching, and ecologists. It is also suitable as a fundamental handbook for graduate and postgraduate students taking physics and cosmic sciences courses at the university level.
DIAGNOSTICS OF PLASMA PERTURBATIONS BY USING DOPPLER RADIO SOUNDING
Perturbations in the Ionosphere Caused by Rocket Launches
Overview
Properties and Parameters of the Lower, Middle, and Outer Ionospheres
Peculiarities of the Interaction of Moving SVs with the Ionosphere
Cosmodromes and Types of Rockets
Large-Scale Perturbations in RL and Flight—Doppler Spectra Analysis
Global Perturbations in Rocket Flights and SV Maneuvers
Global Perturbations during Landing of SVs
Discussion of Results
Large-Scale Disturbances
Global Disturbances
Global Effects during Landing of SVs
Main Results
References
Perturbations in the Background of a Magnetic Storm
Overview
Magnetic Storm Phenomenon
Perturbation of the Ambient Geomagnetic Field by a Moving SV
Results of Observations Using Different Radiophysical Techniques
Partial Reflection Method
Doppler Sounding Method
Discussions on the Result of Observations
Effects at the F-Region of the Ionosphere
Effects in the D-Region of the Ionosphere
Main Results
References
Wave Disturbance Transport Caused by Rocket Launches Accompanied by Solar Terminator
Overview
Results of Observations
Rocket Launches
Passage of the Solar Terminator
Results of Statistical Analysis
Rocket Launches
Passing of the Solar Terminator
Transportation of Perturbations—Types of Waves
Acoustic Gravity Waves
Slow MHD Waves
Gyrotropic Waves
Magnetic-Gradient Waves
Discussion of Results
Passing of Solar Terminator
Rocket Launches
Magnitude of Disturbance
Main Results
References
DIAGNOSTICS Of PLASMA WAVE DISTURBANCES BY INCOHERENT SCATTER AND DOPPLER RADARS
Perturbations in the Middle and Outer Ionosphere
Overview
Method of Identification of Wave Disturbances
Method of IS
Method of Doppler Sounding
Processes in the Ionosphere That Accompany Soyuz Launch
Observations on Use of ISR
Observations by the DR
Processes in the Ionosphere Accompanying Space Shuttle Launch
Observations by the ISR
Observations by the DR
Processes in the Ionosphere Accompanying Delta Launch
Observations by the ISR
Observations by the DR
Discussion of Results
Soyuz Launch
Space Shuttle Launch
Start of SV Delta
Main Results
References
Results of Similar Types of Experiments
Overview
Method of Identification of Wave Disturbances
Results of Observation of RLs from Russian Territory
Soyuz Launch on October 18, 2003
Soyuz Launch on December 27, 2003
Soyuz Launch on January 29, 2004
Soyuz Launch on May 25, 2004
Proton Launch on December 10, 2003
Proton Launch on March 15, 2004
Proton Launch on June 17, 2004
Proton Launch on October 29, 2004
Proton Launch on February 3, 2005
Proton Launch on March 29, 2005
Results and Discussions
Soyuz Launch on October 18, 2003
Soyuz Launch on December 27, 2003
Soyuz Launch on January 29, 2004
Soyuz Launch on May 25, 2004
Proton Launch on December 10, 2003
Proton Launch on March 15, 2004
Proton Launch on June 17, 2004
Proton Launch on October 10, 2004
Proton Launch on February 3, 2005
Proton Launch on March 29, 2005
References
Cluster Diagnostics of Plasma Disturbances
Overview
Techniques and Methodology
Conditions of Space Weather
Results of Measurements and Signal Processing
Spatiotemporal Characteristics
Results of Spectral Analysis
Results and Discussions
Major Results
References
System Spectral Analysis of Plasma and Geomagnetic Perturbations
Overview
Spectral Analysis of Temporal Series
General Presentation of the Adaptive Fourier Transform
Resolution of the Signal Spectrum in the Period and Time Domains
Peculiarities of the Adaptive Fourier Transform
Condition of the Space Weather
Results of Modeling of the Processes
Methods and Techniques of Experimental Studies
Results of Experimental Studies
Sounding of the Ionosphere by Doppler Radar
Sounding of the Ionosphere by Incoherent Scatter Radar
Magnetometric Observations of WDs in the Ionosphere
Results of the Spectral Analysis of Experimental Data
Method of Doppler Sounding
Method of Incoherent Scattering
Spectral Analysis by Using a Magnetometer
Discussion of the Results
Effects of the Rocket Launches
Radiophysical Methods
Magnetometric Technique
Effects of the Solar Terminator
Major Results
References
DIAGNOSTICS OF GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES
Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Russian Cosmodromes
Rocket Launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome
Overview
Method of Analysis
Level of Magnetic Perturbations
Results of Observations
Soyuz Launch
Proton Launches
Results of the Statistical Analysis
Theoretical Models
General Information
Mechanisms of Geomagnetic Disturbance Generation
Modulation of the Ionospheric Currents
Excitation of Charged Particles by Waves
Results and Discussions
Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Plesetsk Cosmodrome
Overview
The Level of Magnetic Perturbation
Results of Observations
Rokot Launch
Cosmos-3M Launch
Soyuz Launch
Molnia Launch
Results of Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussions
Main Results
References
Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Cosmodromes Worldwide
Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Launches from Chinese Cosmodromes
Overview
Level of Magnetic Perturbation
Results of Observation
Results of Statistical Analysis
Results of Spectral Analysis
Results and Discussions
Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Cape Canaveral and Kourou Cosmodromes
Overview
Level of Magnetic Perturbations
Results of Observation
Ariane-5 Launch
Space Shuttle Launch
Results of Spectral Analysis
Results of Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussions
Geomagnetic Effects of RLs from Various Cosmodromes Worldwide
Overview
Methods of Analysis
Results of Observations
Results of Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussions
Main Results
References
Peculiarities of Magneto-Ionospheric Effects during Launch of a Group of Rockets
Overview
Description of Active Experiments
Methods of Analysis
Condition of the Space Weather
Results of Observations of Launches in Russia
Molnia-M Launch
Rokot Launch
Sineva Launch
Topol Launch
Results and Discussions
Effects of the Ionosphere
Effects in the Geomagnetic Field
Main Results
References
ROCKET BURN AND LAUNCH AND RADIO COMMUNICATION
Modification of the Ionosphere Caused by Rocket and Space Vehicle Burn and Launch
Overview
Geophysical Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch Compared to Those Observed in Active-Space Experiments and Associated with Natural Phenomena
Observations of Effects Caused by Rocket Burn and Launch
Ionospheric Plasma Perturbations Caused by Rocket Burn and Launch
Specific Features of Plasma Disturbance Generation by Rocket Burn and Launch
Special Releases Related to Rocket Burns and Launches
Experimental Observations of the Effects Associated with Artificially Injected Clouds and Pump Radio Waves
Injection of Ion Clouds from Geophysical Rockets
Observation of Heating-Induced Plasma Structures
Similarity between Natural Phenomena and Those Observed in Active-Space Experiments
Observation of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles
Meteor-Induced HE-Inhomogeneities in Middle- Latitude Ionosphere
Natural Plasma Depletions Generated during Magnetic Storms
Main Results
References
Theoretical Aspects of Plasma Structure Creation Associated with Rocket Burn and Launch
Overview
Evolution of Rocket-Induced Plasma Structures
in the Ionosphere
Infringement of Ionization–Recombination Balance by Rocket Burn and Launch in the Ionosphere
Processes in the D-Layer and Lower E-Layer of the Ionosphere
Processes in the Upper E-Layer and the F-Layer of the Ionosphere
Plasma Enhancements and Depletions Induced by Rocket Burn and Launch in the Ionosphere
D-Layer of the Ionosphere
Upper E-Layer and F-Layer of the Ionosphere
Generation of Plasma Instabilities in the Ionosphere by Rocket Burn and Launch
Plasma Instability Generation in the Upper F-Layer Depletion Zones
Plasma Instabilities Generated in the D-Layer by Rocket Release
Recombination Instabilities
Kinetic Instability
Plasma Instabilities Generated in the Upper E-Layer to the Upper F-Layer by Rocket Release
Current-Convective Instability
Gradient-Drift Instability
Two-Stream Instability
Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
Generation of Plasma Turbulences in the Ionosphere by Rocket Burn and Launch
Evolution of Plasma Irregularities/Turbulences in the Lower Ionosphere Associated with Rocket Release and Burn
Role of Chemical Reactions and Heating- Induced Instabilities in Plasma Structure Creation
Role of Turbulence in Plasma Disturbance Generation and Damping
Evolution of Plasma Irregularities in Middle and Upper Ionosphere Associated with Rocket Releases
Main Results
References
Influence of Rocket Burn and Launch on Ionospheric Radio Communication
Overview
Spectral Branches, Resonances, and Waves in the Ionospheric Plasma
Key Definitions and Characteristics
Spectral Branches and Resonances in Two- Component Cold Plasma
Two-Component Collisionless Cold Plasma
Two-Component Collisional Cold Plasma
Wave Types in Nonisothermal Multicomponent Ionospheric Plasma Perturbed by Rocket Engine and Plume Exhaust Gases
Multicomponent Isothermal Collisional Plasma
Nonisothermal Warm Plasma
Ionospheric Guiding Effects for EFL/ VLF/ LF-Range Radio Wave Propagation
Capturing MF/HF-Range Radio Waves into Waveguide Created in Layered, Perturbed Ionosphere
Propagation of HF/VHF/UHF-Range Radio Waves in Perturbed Ionosphere
Effects of Global and Large-Scale Irregular Structures on MF/HF/VHF-Range Radio Wave Propagation
Effects of Moderate- and Small-Scale Irregularities
Filled Perturbed Ionospheric Regions on HF/ VHF/ UHF-Range Radio Wave Propagation
Attenuation of HF/VHF-Range Radio Waves in Perturbed Ionosphere
Doppler Frequency Shift and HF/VHF/UHF-Range Radio Wave Spread
Depolarization of HF/VHF/UHF-Band Radio Waves
Main Results
References
VECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN NEAR-THE-EARTH SPACE ACTIVITY
Ecological Aspects of Rocket Burns and Launches
Overview
Influence of RLs on the Planet’s Surface
About Cosmodromes and Rockets
Fall of the First Stages of Rockets
Fall of SV Fragments
Influence of Rocket Burn and Launch on Near-the-Earth Atmosphere
Effects in the Atmosphere
Influence on the Weather and Climate
Distortion of the Ozonosphere
Influence of Cosmic Activity on Geospace
General Effects
Objective
Gas Injection
Energy Injection
Space Debris
Minimization of Ecological Damage
Overview
Problems in Minimization of Ecological Damage
Conclusions and Suggestions
References
Appendix
Index
Biography
Nathan Blaunstein was born in Moldova, former USSR, in 1948. He received MS degrees in radio physics and electronics from Tomsk University, Tomsk, former Soviet Union, in 1972, and PhD and DS and professor degrees in radio physics and electronics from the Institute of Geomagnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation (IZMIR), Academy of Science USSR, Moscow, Russia, in 1985 and 1991, respectively. From 1979 to 1984, he was an engineer and a lecturer, and then, from 1984 to 1992, a senior scientist, an associate professor, and a professor at Moldavian University, Beltsy, Moldova. From 1993 he was a researcher of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and a visiting professor in the Wireless Cellular Communication Program at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Since April 2001, he has been an associate professor, and in 2005, a full professor in the Department of Communication Systems Engineering. Dr. Blaunstein has published ten books, two special chapters in handbooks on applied engineering and applied electrodynamics, six manuals, and over 190 articles in radio and optical physics, communication, and geophysics. His research interests include problems of radio and optical wave propagation, diffraction, reflection, and scattering in various media (sub-soil medium, terrestrial environments, troposphere, and ionosphere) for purposes of optical communication and radio and optical location, aircraft, mobile-satellite, and terrestrial wireless communications and networking.