384 Pages 220 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    384 Pages 220 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Based on the experiences of the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Pisa and the Radar and Surveillance System (RaSS) national laboratory of the National Interuniversity Consortium of Telecommunication (CNIT), Radar Imaging for Maritime Observation presents the most recent results in radar imaging for maritime observation. The book explores both the areas of sea surface remote sensing and maritime surveillance providing key theoretical concepts of SAR and ISAR imaging and more advanced and ad-hoc techniques for applications in maritime scenarios. The book is organized in two sections. The first section discusses the fundamentals of standard SAR/ISAR processing and novel imaging techniques, such as Bistatic, Passive, and, 3D Interferometric ISAR. The second section focuses on the applications and results obtained by processing real data from maritime observations like SAR image processing for oil spill, detection in SAR images and fractal analysis. Useful to both beginners and experts in maritime observation, this book provides several examples of (mainly space-borne) radar imaging of maritime targets. Nevertheless, the same principles and techniques apply to the case of manned or unmanned carriers and to ground and air moving targets.

    PART I - SAR and ISAR Signal Processing

    Principles of Radar Imaging

    High Resolution Radars

    High Range Resolution

    High Cross-Range Resolution

    ISAR versus SAR

    Received Signal Model

    Conclusions

    SAR Processing

    SAR Imaging Introduction

    SAR Signal Modeling

    SAR Image Formation Techniques

    Range Doppler Algorithm

    Polar-Format

    Omega-K

    Back-Projection

    Chirp Scaling

    Conclusions

    ISAR Processing

    ISAR Signal Model

    ISAR Image Formation Chain

    Image Formation

    Time Window Selection

    Motion Compensation

    Image Contrast Based Autofocus

    Image Entropy Based Autofocus

    Dominant Scatterer Autofocus

    Phase Gradient Autofocus

    Image Scaling

    ISAR Parameters Setting

    Conclusions

    Bistatic ISAR

    Bistatic Geometry and Signal Modeling

    Bistatically Equivalent Monostatic Approximation

    Bistatic ISAR Image Formation and Point Spread Function

    Range Compression

    Doppler Image Formation.

    Bistatic Distortion: Worst Case.

    Bistatic Image Projection Plane and Elective Rotation Vector

    Bistatic E_ective Rotation Vector

    Cross-Range Unit Vector: Further Analysis

    Bistatic Linear Distortion: Further Analysis

    B-ISAR in the Presence of Phase Synchronization Errors

    Signal Modeling in the Presence of Synchronization Errors

    Radial Motion Compensation in the Presence of Synchronization Errors

    B-ISAR Image Formation in the Presence

    Range Compression

    Cross-Range Compression

    Comments on the Bistatic PSF in the Presence of Synchronization Errors

    Distortion Analysis

    Linear Distortions Analysis

    Quadratic Distortions Analysis

    Cubic Distortions Analysis

    Conclusions

    Passive ISAR

    Passive Radar Signal Processing Chain

    Range Doppler Map Formation

    Optimum CAF Calculation via the Batch Algorithm

    Batch Algorithm Implementation

    Performance Analysis

    Passive ISAR Theory

    Passive ISAR Signal Processing Chain

    P-ISAR Signal Modeling

    P-ISAR Imaging

    Performances Analysis

    Illuminators of Opportunity Analysis DVB-T Case Study

    Conclusions

    3D Interferometric ISAR

    Multi-Channel ISAR Signal Model

    System Geometry

    Received Signal Modeling

    3D InISAR Image Formation Chain

    Multi-Channel Autofocusing Technique

    Phase Compensation for Squinted Geometry

    Multi-Channel CLEAN Technique

    Signal Separation

    Feature Extraction

    3D Image Reconstruction

    Joint Estimation of the Angle

    Performance Analysis

    Scatterers Realignment

    Soft Assignment

    Performance Indicators

    Simulation Results

    Simulation Set-Up

    Conclusions

    PART II - Applications

    Detection of Ships from SAR Images

    Algorithm Description

    Pre-Processing: Wavelet Correlator

    Detector

    S-Detector

    W-CFAR

    Post-Processing

    Experimental Results

    Case Study #1

    Pre-Processing Results

    Detection Results

    Case Study #2

    Pre-Processing Results

    Detection Results

    Case Study #3

    Pre-Processing Results

    Detection Results

    Oil Spill Detection with SAR Images

    Speckle Noise Reduction

    Morphologic Image Enhancement

    Segmentation

    Oil Spill Classification

    Self-Similar Random Process Models

    Stationary Long-Range and Short- Range Dependence Processes

    Long-Range Self-Similar Processes

    FARIMA Model Description

    FEXP Model Description

    Spectral Densities of FARIMA and FEXP Processes

    Fractional Parameters Method Description

    Estimation of Mean Radial PSD

    Estimation of the Fractional Differencing Parameter

    Estimation of the ARMA Parameters and FARIMA Model

    Estimation of EXP Parameters and FEXP Model

    Oil Spill Shape

    Data Analysis

    Non-Cooperative Moving Target Imaging

    ISAR from SAR Processing Chain

    Moving Targets Detection

    Time-Windowing Enabling

    Sub-Image Inversion

    Inverse Range Doppler

    Inverse Polar Format

    Inverse Chirp Scaling

    ISAR from SAR: Results

    EMISAR Dataset

    COSMO SKY-MED: Istanbul Dataset

    COSMO SKY-MED: Messina Dataset

    COSMO SKY-MED: South Africa Dataset

    COSMO SKY-MED Dataset 4: Cooperative Target

    First Acquisition

    Second Acquisition

    Passive ISAR for Harbor Protection and Surveillance

    Passive Bistatic ISAR Processing Chain

    Passive ISAR Results

    First Case Study

    Second Case Study

    Conclusions

    Blue Port Traffic Monitoring via 3D InISAR Radar Imaging System

    System Architecture

    System's Signal Processing Chain

    Experimental Results

    Experimental Set-up Description

    Results

    Conclusions

    Biography

    Fabrizio Berizzi received the Electronic Engineering Laurea and PhD degrees from the University of Pisa (Italy) in 1990 and 1994 respectively. He has been a full Professor of the Univ. of Pisa since Nov. 2009. He teaches "Radar techniques", "Signal Theory" at the Univ. of Pisa", and "Digital signal processing" at the Italian Navy Academic. He is a IEEE Senior member since 2006. He has been working on ISAR, SAR and radar systems since 1990. More than 200 papers, three chapters of books and a book on radar imaging have been published. Since 1992 Prof. Berizzi has been involved in several scientific projects as a Principal Investigator funded by Univ. Ministry, Defence Ministry, Italian and European Space Agencies, Industries, Tuscany region, ESA (European Space Agency), European Defense Agency. Prof. FabrizioBerizzi is the vice-director of the (Radar and Surveillance Systems) National Laboratory of CNIT since Dec. 2010.

    Marco Martorella received his Laurea degree in Telecommunication Engineering in 1999 (cum laude) and his PhD in Remote Sensing in 2003, both at the University of Pisa. He is now an Associate Professor at the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Pisa where he lectures "Fundamentals of Radar" and "Digital Communications" and an external Professor at the University of Cape Town where he lectures "High Resolution and Imaging Radar" within the "Masters in Radar and Electronic Defence". He is a regular visiting Professor at the University of Adelaide and at the University of Queensland in Australia. He is author of about 150 international journal and conference papers, three book chapters and a book entitled "Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging: Principles, Algorithms and Applications". He has presented several tutorials at international radar conferences and organised a special issue on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar for the Journal of Applied Signal Processing. He is a member of the IET Radar Sonar and Navigation Editorial Board, a senior member of the IEEE and a member of AFCEA. He is also chair of the NATO SET-196 on "Multichannel/Multistatic radar imaging of non-cooperative targets" and co-chair of the NATO ET-093 on "Robust compressive sensing techniques for radar and ESM applications". He has been recipient of the 2008 Italy-Australia Award for young researchers, the 2010 Best Reviewer for the IEEE GRSL and the IEEE 2013 Fred Nathanson Memorial Radar Award. His research interests are mainly in the field of radar imaging, including passive, multichannel, multistatic and polarimetric radar imaging.

    Elisa Giusti received the Telecommunication Engineering Laurea (cum laude) and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pisa (Italy) in 2006 and 2010, respectively. She is a researcher at the RaSS(Radar and Surveillance System) National Laboratory of CNIT (National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications). She has been involved as a researcher in several projects funded by Italian ministries (Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Economic Development, etc.) and European organisations (EDA, ESA) since 2009. She is a co-author of several papers and a book chapter. Her research interests are mainly in the field of radar imaging, including active, passive, bistatic and multistatic, polarimetric radar.

    The cutting-edge research results on maritime radar imaging, many of them found by the authors themselves, are summarized in this book…including the only recently developed concepts of bistatic and passive ISAR…. The well-structured texts, supported by the comprehensible application of the underlying mathematics and explanatory illustrations make this book a valuable tool for both, radar engineers and university students.
    - Stefan Brisken - Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques FHR Germany

    This book addresses, with a very comprehensive and clear approach, one of the most important and promising application fields for radar imaging: the maritime domain. The reader finds here everything needed, from technological and application stand point, for dealing with these complex RADAR systems, the data they produce and the services derived.

    -Luca Pietranera - e-GEOS - Italy