1st Edition
Processing of High-Temperature Superconductors at High Strain
The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity [1986] by Bendnorz and Müller in the La-BA-Cu-O system resulted in very extensive research work about the discovery and synthesis of other high-temperature superconductors, such as Y-BA-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O. These new superconducting materials, possessing superconductivity above liquid nitrogen boiling point, are used in many engineering applications, from electronic sensors to rotating electrical generators and from nanometer-scale thin films to kilometer-long wires and coils. Therefore, design and net-shape manufacturing of superconducting components, starting from the initial synthesized powders, is now of utmost industrial importance.
This book is primarily focused on the bulk-fabrication techniques of high-temperature ceramic superconducting components, especially on the combination of dynamic powder-consolidation and subsequent deformation processing. The properties of these ceramics, which are difficult-to-form materials by applying conventional techniques, are combined for the net-shape manufacturing of such components for the construction of HTS devices. However, very important topics such as superconducting structures, chemical synthesis, film fabrication and characterization techniques are also reviewed to provide a complete, comprehensive view of superconductors engineering.
Preface
1. INTRODUCTION
Brief History of Superconductivity
The Structure of the Monograph
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
BCS Theory
Basic Notions
Zero Resistivity
Diamagnetic or Meissner Effect
Energy Gap
Specific Heat Discontinuity
Magnetic Flux Quantization
Isotopic Effect
Tunneling Effect (Josephson Effect)
3. SYNTHESIS OF CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS
General
Classification of High-Tc Superconducting Compounds (HTS)
La-Ba-Cu-O Cuprate System
Y-Ba-Cu-O Cuprate System
Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Cuprate Systems
Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Cuprate System
Chemical Synthesis Methods
Solid-State Reaction (Ceramic) Method
Coprecipitation and Precursor Techniques
Sol-Gel Method
Emulsion Technique
Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS)
Other Techniques
Effect of Doping on the Structure and Properties of HTS
Y-Ba-Cu-O Cuprate System
Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Cuprate System
Doping with VB Elements
Thermal Treatment of HTS Powders
General
Chemical Reactions and Transformations
New Superconducting Compounds
An Outlook: Crystal Structure
Superconducting Properties
4. IMPACT LOADING OF SOLID POROUS MEDIA
General
Dynamic Consolidation of Powders
Explosive Compaction
Electromagnetic Compaction
Propagation of Shock Waves
Theoretical Modeling: Basic Notions
Equations-of-State (EOS)
Thermodynamic Treatment
ShockInduced Energy
Compaction Models
Shock-Induced Failures
Calculation of Explosive Compaction Parameters
Explosive Powder Compaction of High-Tc Ceramics
Preparation of Powders Prior to Compaction
Compaction/Cladding of Metal/YBCO Plates
Explosive Compaction of Axisymmetric Metal/YBCO Billets
Thermal Treatment of Explosively Compacted YBCO Billets
Compaction/Cladding of Metal/BSCCO Plates
5. FABRICATION OF BULK HTS
General
Plastic Deformation
Theoretical Modeling: Workability
Forming of Multilayer Composites: Theoretical Approach
Manufacturing of Strips and Tapes
PIT Process
Rolling of Explosively Cladded/Compacted Metal-Sheathed/HTS Multilayer Plates Manufacturing of Rods and Wires
Nonsheathed HTS Wires
Deposition Forming of Coated Metal Fibers
Metal-Sheathed HTS Rods and Wires
Fabrication of Forgings
6. FABRICATION OF HTS FILMS
General
HTS Thin-Film Processing
Sputtering
Electron Beam Evaporation
Ion-Plating
Laser Ablation
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
HTS Thick-Film Processing
Screen Printing
In-situ Melting
Electrophoresis
Plasma-Spraying
Fabrication of Thick Coating by Plasma-Spraying and Excimer Laser Posttreatment
7. CHARACTERIZATION OF HTS POWDERS AND COMPONENTS
General
Chemical and Structural Characterization
Microscopy and Microanalysis
Diffraction Techniques
Spectrometric Techniques
Thermal Analysis
Physical Characterization
Electrical Characterization
Magnetic Characterization
8. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
General
Small Scale Electromagnetic HTS Machines
Design Principles
Synchronous Generator
Levitated Bearing
Levitated Vehicle
Modeling of the Magnetic Properties
Large-Scale Bulk HTS Applications
Superconductive Wires and Coils
Superconducting Magnets
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Separation
Magnetic Levitation (MAGLEV)
Generators
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Particle Accelerators
Aerospace Applications
HTS Film Applications
Josephson Junctions
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
Microwave Antennas
Radiation Defectors
Computer Applications
9. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Novel Materials and Applications
The "BACaCu" Oxides and Oxycarbonates
A1-xBxCuO2 Compounds [and others]
Superconducting Oxycarbonates
Some Novel Applications
Superconductivity at Room Temperature
Reality or Dream
Note: Each chapter ends with a section of references.
Biography
A.G. Mamalis
