Sea and freshwater ports are a key component of critical infrastructure and essential for maintaining global and domestic economies. In order to effectively secure a dynamic port facility operation, one must understand the business of maritime commerce. Following in the tradition of its bestselling predecessor, Port Security Management, Second Edition continues to supply readers with this understanding.
This fully updated edition covers the latest in continuously changing legislation regarding federal mandates, securing vessels, cargo security, and granting employee credentials. Focusing on best practices, it details real-world solutions that law enforcement authorities and security management professionals can put to use immediately.
Assuming little prior knowledge of the industry, the book examines port security in the context of global transportation systems. It supplies practitioners and educators with a framework for managing port security and details risk assessment and physical security best practices for securing ships and ports.
The book explains how the various stakeholders, including port management, security, government, and private industry, can collaborate to develop safe and secure best practices while maintaining efficient operations.
Addressing the legislative measures, regulatory issues, and logistical aspects of port security, the book includes coverage of cruise ships, cargo security, CT-PAT, and emergency operations. Complete with a new chapter on intelligence, this book is ideal for anyone with a vested interest in secure and prosperous port facilities who wants to truly understand how to best tackle the management of port security.
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF PORT AND MARITIME SECURITY
Introduction to Port Security Management
Global Transportation System: The Context for Port Security
A Renewed Security Concern about Threats to Shipping and Commerce
Public Policy and Port Responsiveness to Commerce
Economic Dependence on Maritime Transportation
A Renewed Emphasis on Securing Ships and Ports
A Need for Partnerships between Government and Business in Managing Port Security
A Strategy for Port Security Management
Summary
References
Maritime and Port Security: A Manager’s Perspective
Understanding the Port Environment
Security Management within the Context of History
Maritime Sector and Security
Freedom of the Seas
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea
International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
United States Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
United States Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006
9/11: A Paradigm Shift toward Enhanced Security in the Maritime Domain
Summary
References
Security Challenges Facing Port Operations
Central Challenge: Security Management as a Component of Organizational Improvement
Port Organization as an Open System
Importation of Energy
Throughput
Output
Systems as Cycles of Events
Negative Entropy
Information Input, Negative Feedback, and the Coding Process
Steady State and Dynamic Homeostasis
Differentiation
Integration and Coordination
Equifinality
Specific Security Challenges in the Port Environment
Terrorism
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Hazardous Materials
Internal Criminal Conspiracies
Piracy
Cargo Theft
Vandalism
Stowaways
Poorly Trained Security Personnel
Crimes against Passengers and Crew
General Civil Unrest
Workplace Violence
Economic Espionage
Commercial Conspiracies
Summary
References
RISK MANAGEMENT, PLANNING, AND COORDINATION OF PORT SECURITY
Port Security as a Risk Management Activity
Risk Management: A Foundation for Rational Security
Convergence
Port Facility Security and the Risk Assessment Process
Design Basis Threat
Catastrophe Modeling
Levels of Probability
Risk-Based Decision Making
Cost-Effective Risk Assessment
Recommendations for Developing Efficiencies in Risk Assessment Strategies
Security Survey
Identify Assets
Establish Criticality
Determine Vulnerability
Determine Probability
Quantification of Risk
Summary
References
Port Facility Security as a Management Function
Acts and Functions of Management
Organizational Behavior and Organizational Theory
A Problem-Solving Approach to Port Security Management: Lessons from the Police Experience
What Managers Do in Organizations
Port Security Planning
Design and Architecture Stage
Focus on Integration and Cooperation
Minimize the Fortress Mentality
Developing a Port Facility Security Plan
Planning a Layered Approach to Security
Port Management in a Homeland Security Environment
Homeland Security Act of 2002
Homeland Security Presidential Directives
Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006
United States Coast Guard Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circulars
Developing Security Partnerships
Port Security Steering Committee
Summary
References
Implementing a Plan for Port Security: Management Tasks and Responsibilities Facility and Personnel Security
Port Facility Security Officer
General Provisions
Qualifications
Responsibilities
Port Facility Security Plan
Organization of the Port Facility Security Plan
Maritime Security Levels
MARSEC Level 1
MARSEC Level 2
MARSEC Level 3
MARSEC Level Change Action List
Facility Security Assessment
Background Information
On-Scene Survey
Analysis and Recommendations
Facility Security Assessment Report
Facility Security Plan Audit
Port Personnel Security Awareness
Objectives for a Port Security Awareness Program
Port Security Awareness Components: What Personnel Need to Know
Summary
References
Access Controls
Port Vulnerabilities Associated with Access Controls
Frequency of Access
Advance Notice Requirements
Identification and Credentialing
Photo Identification Credentials
Fingerprints and Criminal History Background Checks
Transportation Workers Identification Credential
Credentialing Procedures
Credentialing Classification Systems
Credential Coding
Production Processes
Credential Sequencing
Lost or Stolen Credentials
Role of Port Users in Credentialing Programs
Visualizing and Inspecting Access Credentials
Visitor Controls
Visitor Brochure
Restricted Area Access Controls
Balancing Access Control and Port Commerce
Identifying and Defining Restricted Access Areas
Gates and Gate Access Controls
Preventing and Deterring Access to Restricted Areas
Controlling Vehicles in Restricted Access Areas
Temporary Restricted Area Vehicle Authorization Documentation
Vehicle and Pedestrian Screening
Suspicious Indicators in Screening
Screening Equipment
Delivery of Vessel Provisions
Access Control Measures
Summary
References
Physical and Waterside Security in the Port Facility
Managing Physical Defenses in a Competitive Environment
Standard Operating Procedures
Perimeter Security
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Fencing
Parking Control
Access Points
Small Vessel Threat and Waterside Security
Port Security Small Vessel Threat Mitigation Strategies
Summary
References
Security Force Management
Security and Human Resources
A Framework for Managing and Leading the Security Force
Staff Planning and Budgeting
Staffing Needs Assessment
Debate on Private Security versus Law Enforcement
Debate on Proprietary Security versus Contract Security
Developing and Maintaining Force Competencies in Port Security
Port Security Personnel Training
Written Directives
Security Force Operations and Patrols
Summary
References
Vessel and Cargo Operations
Vessel Operations
Security Planning Considerations for Vessels
Coordinating Security between the Port Facility and Vessels
Declaration of Security
Passenger and Crew Security
Military Vessel Visits to Commercial Port Facilities
Cargo Operations
United States Government Initiatives to Secure Cargo
Cargo Security in the Port Facility
Cargo Building Security
Summary
References
Safety and Emergency Management
Safety Management in the Port Facility
Occupational Safety and Health
Port Facility Safety
Port Safety Officer
Port Safety Committee
Emergency Management
Port Facility Interfaces with Homeland Security
National Incident Management System and Incident Command System
Elements of an Emergency Operations Plan
Role of the Port Facility Security Officer in Emergencies
Hazardous Materials Incidents
Port Facility Evacuations
Emergency Information Management
Increases in Maritime Security Levels
Continuity of Operations Planning
Summary
References
Managing Technology Solutions for Port Facility Security
Security Convergence in the Port Facility: The Role of Technology
Situational Awareness and Situational Readiness
Situational Awareness
Situational Readiness
Surveillance Systems
Sonar
Closed Circuit Television
Computer and Information Security
Cyberterrorism
Employee Education for IT Security
Summary
References
Intelligence
Role of Intelligence in Port Security Planning
Sharing of Public–Private Sector Intelligence
Fusion
Summary
References
Systemic Management for a Secure and Viable Port Facility
Collaborations between Port Security and Law Enforcement Operations
Administrative and Coordinating Roles of Police Units in Port Facilities
Incident Investigations: Suspicious Activities
Systemic Management of Port Security: Case Study-Port of Miami (1997–2006)
Overview
Security Organization
Legal and Financial Constraints
Lessons Learned
The Challenge of Collaboration in Managing Port Security
Summary
References
Glossary and Organizational Resources
Bibliography
Appendix
Index
Biography
Kenneth Christopher, DPA, holds a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice (University of Dayton) and master’s (Florida International University) and doctoral (Nova Southeastern University) degrees in public administration. He is a graduate of the Administrative Officers Management Program at North Carolina State University and the Executive Contemporary Education for Leadership Program at the University of Miami. Dr. Christopher served 26 years in law enforcement, most recently as a captain with the Miami-Dade Police Department in Miami, Florida. From 1996 to 2006, he held progressively responsible police and security management positions at the Port of Miami. In 2005, he was appointed chief of seaport security enforcement and facility security officer, responsible for the port facility security plan, leadership for the civilian security staff, and the coordination of security and law enforcement operations at the world’s largest passenger cruise port. Currently, Dr. Christopher is associate vice president for academic affairs and associate professor of criminal justice at Park University, which provides educational services to 26,000 students at over 40 campus centers across the United States and through distance learning from its home campus in Parkville, Missouri. He has held teaching positions at Lynn University in Boca Raton, Florida, and at St. Thomas University in Miami, Florida. Previously, Dr. Christopher has worked with the U.S. Maritime Administration and the Organization of American States as a curriculum developer and instructor in the Inter-American Port Security Training Program. He has consulted on and developed educational programs and curricula in port security, criminal justice administration, security administration, terrorism and domestic preparedness, police management, and organizational behavior. His current interests include cooperative leadership strategies for port security management and assessing human and technology resources necessary for maritime domain awareness.
"The main strength of this book is the insight it provides into ‘manufacturing in China’. The breadth of topics is impressive. An interesting book that will be useful for both practitioners and researchers."
—Professor Ashutosh Tiwari, Cranfield University, UK"All those involved in maritime transport and port security will benefit from this informative, authoritative reference and will find it useful in their daily work."
—Dr. Joshua Sinai, Director of Analytics and Business Intelligence, Resilient Corporation, Alexandria, Virginia, in Security Management
