1st Edition

Physics of Optoelectronics

By Michael A. Parker Copyright 2005
    766 Pages 371 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Physics of Optoelectronics focuses on the properties of optical fields and their interaction with matter. Understanding that lasers, LEDs, and photodetectors clearly exemplify this interaction, the author begins with an introduction to lasers, LEDs, and the rate equations, then describes the emission and detection processes.

    The book summarizes and reviews the mathematical background of the quantum theory embodied in the Hilbert space. These concepts highlight the abstract form of the linear algebra for vectors and operators, supplying the "pictures" that make the subject more intuitive. A chapter on dynamics includes a brief review of the formalism for discrete sets of particles and continuous media. It also covers the quantum theory necessary for the study of optical fields, transitions, and semiconductor gain.

    This volume supplements the description of lasers and LEDs by examining the fundamental nature of the light that these devices produce. It includes an analysis of quantized electromagnetic fields and illustrates inherent quantum noise in terms of Poisson and sub-Poisson statistics. It explains matter-light interaction in terms of time-dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, and concludes with a detailed discussion of semiconductor emitters and detectors.

    INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS
    Basic Components and the Role of Feedback
    Basic Properties of Lasers
    Introduction to Emitter Construction
    Introduction to Matter and Bonds
    Introduction to Bands and Transitions
    Introduction to the pn Junction for the Laser Diode
    Introduction to Light and Optics
    Introduction to Noise in Optoelectronic Components
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading

    INTRODUCTION TO LASER DYNAMICS
    Introduction to the Rate Equations
    Stimulated Emission-Absorption and Gain
    The Power-Current Curves
    Relations for Cavity Lifetime, Reflectance and Internal Loss
    Modulation Bandwidth
    Introduction to RIN and the Weiner-Khintchine Theorem
    Relative Intensity Noise for the Semiconductor Laser
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading

    CLASSICAL ELECTROMAGNETICS AND LASERS
    A Brief Review of Maxwell's Equations and the Constituent
    Relations Conditions
    The Wave Equation
    Boundary Conditions for the Electric and Magnetic Fields
    Law of Reflection, Snell's Law and the Reflectivity
    The Poynting Vector
    Electromagnetic Scattering and Transfer Matrix Theory
    The Fabry-Perot Laser
    Introduction to Waveguides
    Physical Optics Approach to Waveguiding
    Dispersion in Waveguides
    The Displacement Current and Photoconduction
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading

    MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS
    Vector and Hilbert Spaces
    Dirac Notation and Euclidean Vector Spaces
    Hilbert Space
    The Grahm-Schmidt Orthonormalization Procedure
    Linear Operators and Matrix Representations
    An Algebra of Operators and Commutators
    Operators and Matrices in Tensor Product Space
    Unitary Operators and Similarity Transformations
    Hermitian Operators and the Eigenvector Equation
    A Relation Between Unitary and Hermitian Operators
    Translation Operators
    Functions in Rotated Coordinates
    Dyadic Notation
    Minkowski Space
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading

    FUNDAMENTALS OF DYNAMICS
    Introduction to Generalized Coordinates
    Introduction to the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian
    Classical Commutation Relations
    Classical Field Theory
    Schrodinger Equation from a Lagrangian
    Linear Algebra and the Quantum Theory
    Basic Operators of Quantum Mechanics
    The Harmonic Oscillator
    Quantum Mechanical Representations
    Time Dependent Perturbation Theory
    Density Operator
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading

    LIGHT
    A Brief Overview of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Fields
    The Classical Vector Potential and Gauges
    The Plane Wave Expansion of the Vector Potential and the Fields
    The Quantum Fields
    The Quantum Free-Field Hamilton and EM Fields
    Introduction to Fock States
    Fockstates as Eigenstates of the EM Hamiltonian
    Interpretation of Fock States
    Introduction to EM Coherent States
    Definition and Statistics of Coherent States
    Coherent States as Displaced Vacuum States
    Quasi-Orthonormality, Closure and Trace for Coherent States
    Field Fluctuations in the Coherent State
    Introduction to Squeezed States
    The Squeezing Operator and Squeezed States
    Some Statistics for Squeezed States
    The Wigner Distribution
    Measuring the Noise in Squeezed States
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading

    MATTER-LIGHT INTERACTION
    Introduction to the Quantum Mechanical Dipole Moment
    Introduction to Optical Transitions
    Fermi's Golden Rule
    Introduction to the Electromagnetic Lagrangian and Field Equations
    The Classical Hamiltonian for Fields, Particles and Interactions
    The Quantum Hamiltonian for the Matter-Light Interaction
    Stimulated and Spontaneous Emission Using Fock States
    Introduction to Matter and Light as Systems
    Liouville Equation for the Density Operator
    The Liouville Equation for the Density Matrix with Relaxation
    A Solution to the Liouville Equation for the Density Matrix
    Gain, Absorption and Index for Independent Two Level Atoms
    Broadening Mechanisms
    Introduction to Jaynes-Cummings' Model
    The Interaction Representation for the Jaynes-Cummings' Model
    The Master Equation
    Quantum Mechanical Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading

    SEMICONDUCTOR EMITTERS AND DETECTORS
    Effective Mass, Density of States and the Fermi Distribution
    The Bloch Wave Function
    Density of States for Nanostructures
    The Reduced Density of States and Quasi Fermi Levels
    Fermi's Golden Rule for Semiconductor Devices
    Fermi's Golden Rule and Semiconductor Gain
    The Liouville Equation and Semiconductor Gain
    Review Exercises
    Further Reading


    APPENDIX 1 REVIEW OF INTEGRATING FACTORS

    APPENDIX 2 RATE AND CONTINUITY EQUATIONS

    APPENDIX 3 THE GROUP VELOCITY
    Simple Illustration of Group Velocity
    Group Velocity of the Electron in Free-Space
    Group Velocity and the Fourier Integral
    The Group Velocity for a Plane Wave

    APPENDIX 4 REVIEW OF PROBABILITY THEORY AND
    STATISTICS
    Probability Density
    Processes
    Ensembles
    Stationary and Ergodic Processes
    Correlation

    APPENDIX 5 THE DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION
    Introduction to the Dirac Delta Function
    The Dirac Delta Function as Limit of a Sequence of Functions
    The Dirac Delta Function from the Fourier Transform
    Other Representations of the Dirac Delta Function
    Theorems on the Dirac Delta Functions
    The Principal Part
    Convergence Factors and the Dirac Delta Function

    APPENDIX 6 COORDINATE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE
    SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION

    APPENDIX 7 INTEGRALS WITH TWO TIME SCALES

    APPENDIX 8 THE DIPOLE APPROXIMATION

    APPENDIX 9 THE DENSITY OPERATOR AND THE
    BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION

    Biography

    Michael A. Parker