1st Edition
Pharmacology and Pathophysiology of the Control of Breathing
Exploring the functional anatomy and physiology of the ventilatory control system from the intracellular to the integrative level, this references serves as the first source to offer comprehensive coverage of the influences of various pharmacological agents on the control of breathing.
Introduction Claude Lenfant
Preface
Foreword Thomas L. Hornbein
Contributors
Abbreviations
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Sensors of Metabolic Status
Colin A. Nurse
Introduction
Cellular Organization and Innervation of the Carotid Body
Carotid Body Chemoreceptors: O-Sensitive Kþ Channels
What is the O Sensor and How is it Linked to Kþ Channel(s)?
Role of Fast-Acting Neurotransmitters in Chemosensory Processing
Glucose Sensing in the Carotid Body
Neuromodulation in the Carotid Body
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Central Chemoreceptors
Luc J. Teppema and Albert Dahan
Introduction
Location of Central Chemoreceptors
Mechanism of Central Chemoreception
Central Chemoreceptors and Breathing
References
Suprapontine Control of Breathing
Shakeeb H. Moosavi, David Paydarfar, and Steven A. Shea
Introduction
Definitions and Terminology
Volitional Control
Involuntary Emotional Influences
Tonic Excitatory and Inhibitory Drives
Interaction between ‘Behavioral’ and
‘Automatic’ Control
Learned Respiratory Behaviors
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Measurement of Drug Effects on Ventilatory Control
Denham S. Ward
Introduction
Measurement Techniques
Quantification of Drug Pharmacodynamics
Resting Measurements
Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response
Hypoxic Ventilatory Response
Changes in Airway Pressure
Other Stimuli
References
Response Surface Modeling of Drug Interactions: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Using
the Bootstrap
Erik Olofsen and Albert Dahan
Introduction
Pharmacodynamic Interaction Models
Model Selection and Multimodel Inference
The Bootstrap
Applications
Conclusions
References
Respiratory Neuroplasticity: Respiratory Gases, Development, and Spinal Injury
David D. Fuller, Gordon S. Mitchell, and Ryan W. Bavis
Introduction
Plasticity Induced by Respiratory Gases in
Adult Mammals
Developmental Plasticity and the Control of Breathing
Sex Hormones
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Respiratory Plasticity
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Airway Reflexes in Humans
Takashi Nishino
Introduction
Central Nervous System
Afferent Innervation of the Upper Airway and Receptors
Reflex Responses from the Upper Airway
Afferent Innervation of the Lower Airway and
Receptors
Integrative Aspects of the Airway Reflexes
Elicited from the Lower Airways
Clinical Problems Associated with Airway Reflexes
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Inheritance and Ventilatory Behavior in Animal Models
Kingman P. Strohl
Introduction
Evidence and Implications for Inheritance of Ventilatory Traits in Humans
Targeting Ventilatory Traits in Small Animals
Evidence for the Inheritance of Ventilatory Traits in Rodents
Estimates of the Strength of Inheritance
Studies of Gene Effects in Rodent Models
A Physiogenetic Map of Ventilatory Behavior
Overview and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: Should We Rename it Congenital Autonomopathy?
David Gozal
Introduction
Definition and Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Animal Models
Structural Central Nervous System Abnormalities
Physiologic Abnormalities of Ventilatory Control
Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Upper Airway Obstruction in Sleep Apnea
Susheel P. Patil, Hartmut Schneider, Philip L. Smith, and Alan R. Schwartz
Introduction
Epidemiologic and Clinical Risk Factors
Pathogenesis of Upper Airway Obstruction
Therapeutic Implications
Summary and Conclusions
References
High Altitude
Frank L. Powell and Philip E. Bickler
Introduction
Ventilatory Response to High Altitude
Time Domains of the HVR
Increases in the Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response (HCVR) with Acclimatization
High Altitude Diseases and Ventilatory Control
References
Obesity and the Control of Breathing
Khalid F. Almoosa and Shahrokh Javaheri
Introduction
Overview of Obesity
Effects of Obesity on the Respiratory System
Disorders of Ventilatory Control Associated with Obesity
Effects of Treatment of Obesity and OSAH on Ventilatory Control and PaCO
Conclusion
References
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Pain Management and Regional Anesthesia
Peter L. Bailey and Rajbala Thakur
Introduction
Postoperative Respiratory Dysfunction
Other Effects of Pain and Surgical Trauma
Pain Control and Chronic Pain
Effects of Pain and Pain Management on
Respiratory Function
Regional Analgesia
Other Analgesic Agents
Pre-Emptive Analgesia
Perioperative Analgesia and Pulmonary Outcome
Cardiac Surgery
Summary
References
Ventilatory Effects of Medications Used for Moderate and Deep Sedation
Jeffrey B. Gross and Dante A. Cerza
Introduction
Sedatives
Opioids
Drug Combinations
Strategies for Minimizing Respiratory
Risks of Sedation
Conclusion
References
Central Effects of General Anesthesia
Eckehard A.E. Stuth, Edward J. Zuperku, and Astrid G. Stucke
Introduction
General Effects of Anesthetics on Respiration
Anesthetic Effects on Fast Synaptic Neurotransmission
Overview of the Brainstem Respiratory Network
Paradigms of Anesthetic Effects on Respiratory
Neurotransmission
Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
The Influence of Inhalational Anesthetics on Carotid Body Mediated Ventilatory Responses
Albert Dahan, Raymonda Romberg, Elise Sarton, and Luc J. Teppema
Introduction
Influence of Inhalational Anesthetics on the Ventilatory
Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia
Pain and Behavioral Responses
Short-Term Potentiation of Breathing (STP)
Conclusions
References
General Anesthesia and Respiratory Mechanics
David O. Warner
Introduction
Normal Function of the Respiratory Pump
Effects of Anesthesia on Chest Wall Mechanics
Effects of Anesthesia on Upper Airway Mechanics
Effects of Anesthesia on Lung Mechanics
Summary
References
Recovery from Anesthesia
Shiroh Isono and Jacob Rosenberg
Introduction
Impairment and Recovery of Upper Airway Function after Anesthesia
Impairment and Recovery of Chemical Control of Breathing after Anesthesia
Impairment and Recovery of Lung Function after Surgery
Late Postoperative Nocturnal Hypoxemia
References
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Ventilation
Lars I. Eriksson
Regulation of Breathing
Respiratory Pump Function and the
Control of the Upper Airways
References
Cardiovascular Drugs and the Control of Breathing
Denham S. Ward and Suzanne Karan
Introduction
Catecholamine Agonists and Antagonists
Renin–Angiotensin System
Calcium Channel Blockers
Purinoceptor Agonists and Antagonists
Other Agents
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Biography
Ward, Denham S.; Dahan, Albert; Teppema, Luc
"…a useful book to have on the bookshelf."
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"…[this book] has been creatively conceived and gestated by Drs. Ward, Dahan, and Teppema….one need only reflect on the potency of the tools currently available to our imaginations to realize there is a world of understanding out there waiting to be explored. Within this volume are many enticing next steps."
-Thomas Hornbein