2nd Edition

Mushrooms Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact

By Philip G. Miles, Shu-Ting Chang Copyright 2004
    478 Pages 8 Color & 98 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Since the publication of the first edition, important developments have emerged in modern mushroom biology and world mushroom production and products. The relationship of mushrooms with human welfare and the environment, medicinal properties of mushrooms, and the global marketing value of mushrooms and their products have all garnered great attention, identifying the need for an updated, authoritative reference.

    Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, Second Edition presents the latest cultivation and biotechnological advances that contribute to the modernization of mushroom farming and the mushroom industry. It describes the individual steps of the complex mushroom cultivation process, along with comprehensive coverage of mushroom breeding, efficient cultivation practices, nutritional value, medicinal utility, and environmental impact. Maintaining the format, organization, and focus of the previous edition, this thoroughly revised edition includes the most recent research findings and many new references. It features new chapters on medicinal mushrooms and the effects of pests and diseases on mushroom cultivation. There are also updated chapters on specific edible mushrooms, and an expanded chapter on technology and mushrooms.

    Rather than providing an encyclopedic review, this book emphasizes worldwide trends and developments in mushroom biology from an international perspective. It takes an interdisciplinary approach that will appeal to industrial and medical mycologists, mushroom growers, botanists, plant pathologists, and professionals and scientists in related fields. This book illustrates that mushroom cultivation has and will continue to have a positive global impact on long-term food nutrition, health care, environmental conservation and regeneration, and economic and social change.

    OVERVIEW
    INTRODUCTION
    WHAT ARE MUSHROOMS?
    Definition
    Characteristics of Mushrooms
    Categories of Mushrooms
    Poisonous Mushrooms
    MAGNITUDE OF MUSHROOM SPECIES
    ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MUSHROOMS AND FUNGI IN GENERAL
    COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MUSHROOMS
    Field Collection
    Preserving the Collection
    Precautions in the Use of Keys
    JUSTIFICATION FOR THE TERM "MUSHROOM BIOLOGY"
    IMPACT OF MUSHROOM BIOLOGY ON HUMAN WELFARE
    MUSHROOM SCIENCE
    Definition
    Contributing Fields
    Mushroom Cultivation Technology
    Development of Mushroom Science
    Mushroom Biotechnology
    Nongreen Revolution
    References

    THE NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
    INTRODUCTION
    NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES
    Protein
    Essential Amino Acids
    Fat
    Vitamins
    Carbohydrates and Fiber
    Minerals
    Nucleic Acids
    General Considerations
    REFERENCES

    MEDICINAL VALUES
    INTRODUCTION
    MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS
    MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF THESE MUSHROOMS
    Hematological
    Antiviral
    Antitumor
    Antioxidant Activity
    Cardiovascular and Renal
    Carcinogenicity of Mushrooms
    Allergic Reaction to Spores
    General Considerations
    REFERENCES

    OVERVIEW OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE FUNGI
    INTRODUCTION
    THE FUNGI
    Distinguishing Characteristics
    Habitats
    Role in Nature
    Classification
    VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
    Hyphae
    Organelles
    Septal Structures
    Secondary Mycelium of Basidiomycetes
    Cell Walls
    Unicellular Fungi
    GROWTH
    Growth Kinetics of Unicellular Fungi
    Filamentous Fungi
    SPECIALIZED VEGETATIVE STRUCTURES
    SPECIALIZED REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
    Sexual
    Non-sexual
    REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH
    Nutritional Requirements
    Physical Requirements
    Transport and Translocation
    METABOLISM
    Carbon
    Nitrogen
    Lipids
    REPRODUCTION
    Introduction
    Sexual
    Non-sexual
    Spore Germination
    RELATIONSHIP OF FUNGI WITH OTHER ORGANISMS - SYMBIOSES
    Parasitism
    Mutualism
    Saprophytism
    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FUNGI
    Proximate Composition of Fungal Cells
    Edible Mushrooms
    REFERENCES

    SUBSTRATE AND MYCELIAL GROWTH
    INTRODUCTION
    GENERAL NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MUSHROOM GROWTH
    PREPARATION OF SUBSTRATE
    Composting
    Microorganisms Involved During Composting
    BREAKDOWN OF SUBSTRATES BY EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES OF MUSHROOM MYCELIUM
    GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF MUSHROOM CULTURE IN REGARD TO SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION BY INCREASED PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES
    REFERENCES

    SEXUALITY AND THE GENETICS OF BASIDIOMYCETES
    DISCOVERY OF SEXUALITY BY KNIEP AND BENSAUDE
    Tetrapolarity
    Clamp Connection Formation
    OTHER EARLY FINDINGS IN SEXUALITY IN BASIDIOMYCETES
    Results of Tetrad Analysis
    "Geographical Races"
    Bipolarity
    Illegitimate Matings
    "Buller Phenomenon" (=Di-Mon Mating)
    REACTIONS OTHER THAN THOSE FORMING DIKARYON
    GENETICS OF THE MATING TYPE LOCI AND SEXUAL MORPHOGENESIS IN SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
    Schizophyllum commune
    The A Locus of S. commune
    The Two-Locus Mating Type Factor Occurs Elsewhere
    Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies
    Sexual Morphogenesis
    GENETICS OF FUNGI
    Induction of Mutants
    Isolation of Mutants
    Characterization of Mutants
    Utilization of Methods of Molecular Biology in Genetic Studies of Fungi
    REFERENCES

    MUSHROOM FORMATION: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL, NUTRITIONAL, AND CHEMICAL FACTORS
    INTRODUCTION
    DEVELOPMENT OF FRUITING BODIES
    Role of Fruiting Bodies
    Variation in Fruiting Body Structure
    Primordium Function
    Primordium Development
    Types of Hyphae in Fruiting Bodies
    Growth of Agaricus
    ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND FRUITING
    Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
    Temperature
    Aeration
    Light
    Gravity
    NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND FRUITING
    Concentration of Nutrients
    Nature of Carbohydrate
    Nitrogen
    Mineral Nutrition
    Vitamins
    CHEMICAL FACTORS AND FRUITING
    Melanin Production and Perithecial Development in Podospora
    Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune
    Effect of Cyclic AMP
    SUMMARY
    REFERENCES

    MUSHROOM FORMATION: EFFECTS OF GENETIC FACTORS; BREEDING
    INTRODUCTION
    GENETIC FACTORS FOR FRUITING IMPOSED UPON THE MATING TYPE REQUIREMENTS
    Schizophyllum commune
    Lentinula
    GENETICS OF FRUITING OF POLYPORUS CILIATUS
    No Subunits of Incompatibility Factors
    Genetic Control of Monokaryotic Fruiting
    MONOKARYOTIC FRUITING
    Species in Which Monokaryotic Fruiting Has Been Reported
    Induction
    Relationship with Dikaryotic Fruiting
    Potential in Mushroom Cultivation
    BREEDING FOR DESIRED MUSHROOM FEATURES
    Extension of Temperature Range
    Utilization of substrates
    Sporeless Fruiting Bodies
    General Techniques of Breeding For Strain Improvement
    REFERENCES

    MUSHROOM FORMATION: EFFECTS OF PESTS AND DISEASES IN MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
    INTRODUCTION
    History of Mushroom Cultivation and Diseases
    VIRAL DISEASES
    History
    Symptoms
    Diagnosis
    Virus morphology
    Epidemiology
    Patch Diseases
    BACTERIAL DISEASES
    Introduction and Various Mushroom Diseases Caused by Bacteria
    Management For Control of Burkholderia gladioli pv agaricicola
    FUNGAL DISEASES
    Introduction
    Mycoparasites
    Competitor Weed Fungi
    NEMATODE DISEASES
    Types of Nematodes
    INSECT DISEASES
    Introduction
    Insects That Serve As Agents of Diseases in Mushroom Houses
    ACTIVITY OF MITES IN MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
    Genera Found During Mushroom Cultivation
    Economic Importance
    REFERENCES

    CULTURE PRESERVATION
    INTRODUCTION
    OBJECTIVES
    METHODS
    Short Term Storage
    Long Term Storage
    A Useful Technique in Genetic Studies
    CONCLUSION
    REFERENCES

    WORLD PRODUCTION OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
    INTRODUCTION
    SPECIES CULTIVATED COMMERCIALLY
    Agaricus bisporus
    Lentinula edodes
    Volvariella volvacea
    Flammulina velutipes
    Auricularia spp.
    Pleurotus spp.
    Pholiota nameko
    Tremella fuciformis
    Recently commercially Cultivated Mushroom Species
    Mycorrhizal Fungi - Tuber, Tricholoma
    GENERAL KNOWLEDGE WHICH MUSHROOM GROWERS SHOULD POSSESS
    TRENDS
    Production methods breaking the barriers of climate and geography
    World production of mushrooms
    Utilization of various wastes as substrates
    Ten Key Guidelines for Mushroom Farming
    CONCLUSIONS
    REFERENCES

    AGARICUS - THE LEADER IN PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY
    INTRODUCTION
    DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDUSTRY
    France
    Great Britain
    The Netherlands
    The United States
    Italy
    Ireland
    Taiwan
    South Korea
    China
    General Remarks
    COMPOST MATERIALS AND COMPOSTING
    Compost Materials
    Amount of Compost Material
    Composting
    SPAWN AND SPAWNING
    Definition
    Preparation of Spawn
    Spawning
    CASING
    HARVESTING
    REFERENCES

    LENTINULA - A MUSHROOMING MUSHROOM
    INTRODUCTION
    EARLY HISTORY OF CULTIVATION
    MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS OF CULTIVATION
    GENERAL REVIEW OF PRODUCTION
    CULTIVATION IN WOOD LOGS
    Preparation of Logs
    Preparation of Spawn
    Inoculation of Spawn into Logs
    Laying Logs for Mycelial Running
    Management of the Raising Yard for Fruiting
    Cropping
    CULTIVATION IN POLYPROPYLENE BAGS ("BAG LOG" CULTIVATION)
    Materials
    Inoculation
    Incubation
    Fruiting
    Proper Care of the Bag Log
    SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICES
    Taiwan
    China
    FRUITING IN LIQUID MEDIA
    Experiments with Lentinula
    Generalizations
    DRYING AND STORAGE
    REFERENCES

    VOLVARIELLA - A HIGH TEMPERATURE CULTIVATED MUSHROOM
    INTRODUCTION
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Morphological Characteristics
    Requirements for Mycelial Growth
    Requirements for fruiting body formation
    CULTIVATION METHODS
    Production of Spawn
    Mushroom Production
    HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
    Harvesting
    Processing
    SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICE
    Rural Spawn Station in Ping-shan County, Hebei Province, China
    Technique of Cultivation of Straw Mushrooms in Green Poplar Village, Ping-shang County, Hebei Province, China
    SOME SPECIAL METHODS AND THEIR RATIONALE
    The Phenomenon of Early Fruiting
    Insect Enemy of Straw Mushrooms - Nematodes
    Coprinus - Fungal Competitor of Volvariella
    REFERENCES

    FLAMMULINA AND PHOLIOTA LOW TEMPERATURE CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS
    INTRODUCTION
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAMMULINA
    Morphology
    Natural History
    Requirements for Mycelial Growth
    Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOLIOTA
    Morphology
    Natural History
    Requirements for Mycelial Growth
    Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation
    CULTIVATION METHODS
    Flammulina
    Pholiota
    REFERENCES

    PLEUROTUS - A MUSHROOM OF BROAD ADAPTABILITY
    INTRODUCTION
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Morphology of Sporophores
    Sexuality
    Requirements for Mycelial Growth
    Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation
    NUTRITIONAL VALUES AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
    Nutritional Values
    Medicinal Properties
    CULTIVATION METHODS
    Production of Spawn
    Production of Mushrooms
    HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
    SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICE
    REFERENCES

    TREMELLA - INCREASED PRODUCTION BY A MIXED CULTURE TECHNIQUE
    INTRODUCTION
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Morphology
    Natural History
    Requirements for Mycelial Growth
    Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation
    CULTIVATION METHODS
    Wood Log Culture
    Plastic Bag Culture
    SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICES
    Cultivation on Cottonseed Hulls in Gutian County, Fujian Province, China
    Mixed Culture Cultivation of the "Golden Ear" Mushroom
    HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
    REFERENCES

    DICTYOPHORA - FORMERLY FOR THE FEW
    INTRODUCTION
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Morphology
    Natural History
    Requirements for Mycelial Growth
    Requirements for Fu\ruiting Body Formation
    CULTIVATION METHODS
    Cultivation in Forests
    Indoor Cultivation
    HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
    Harvest Time and Method
    Rapid Drying
    Grading and Packaging
    REFERENCES

    GANODERMA LUCIDUM - A LEADER OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS
    INTRODUCTION
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Taxonomic Characteristics
    Morphological Characteristics
    Growth Parameters
    CULTIVATION OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM
    TRADITIONAL USES
    BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS
    Triterpenes/Triterpenoids
    Polysaccharide
    Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein (Fip)
    Steroids
    CONTEMPORARY USES
    PRODUCTS OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM
    MARKET VALUE OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM PRODUCTS
    A PROTOCOL FOR QUALITY MUSHROOM NUTRICEUTICALS
    CONCLUSION
    REFERENCES

    Agaricua blazei and Grifola frondosa - Two Important Medicinal Mushrooms
    INTRODUCTION
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AGARICUS BLAZEI
    History
    Morphology
    Requirements for Growth
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRIFOLA FRONDOSA
    History
    Morphology
    Requirements for Growth
    CULTIVATION METHODS
    Agaricus blazei
    Grifola frondosa
    NUTRITIONAL CONTENT AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
    Agaricus blazei
    Grifola frondosa
    REFERENCES

    OTHER CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS - THEIR NUMBER GROWS
    INTRODUCTION
    AURICULARIA
    HERICIUM
    BRIEFLY MENTIONED
    Mycorrhizal Mushrooms
    Species With Regional Appeal
    REFERENCES

    TECHNOLOGY AND MUSHROOMS
    INTRODUCTION
    MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
    What is Biotechnology?
    Lignocellulose Degradation and Utilization
    BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE MUSHROOM INDUSTRY
    General Review of Mushroom Production
    Major Steps of Mushroom Technology
    SOME FUNGAL GENETIC TECHNIQUES AND THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS
    Protoplast Fusion for Genetic Manipulation
    Di-Mon Matings and Sporeless Mutants
    Breeding for High-Temperature Strains
    Conservation of Germplasm
    POTENTIAL USE OF MUSHROOM MYCELIUM
    SOME OBSERVATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS
    Mushroom Cultivation
    Criteria for Study of Major Phases of Cultivation
    Problems in Cultivation in Developing Countries
    Prospects for Mushroom Cultivation in Developing Countries
    REFERENCES

    Biography

    Philip G. Miles (The State Univeristy of New York, Buffalo, USA) (Author) , Shu-Ting Chang (Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin) (Author)

    "Since the publication of the first edition of this book, important developments in biotechnology and mushroom production made a new, revised version necessary. … [This book] forms a comprehensive and up-to-date source of information for all interested in edible and medicinal mushrooms and their cultivation."
    - Peroonia, 2004

    "The name 'S.-T. Chang' is almost synonymous with the cultivation and use of mushrooms…the personal practical experience, depth of knowledge, and enthusiasms of the authors shine in these chapters, which are to me the heart of the book…this new edition of the essential reference work mycologists involved in mushroom cultivation turn to will surely also play a role in helping promote mushroom cultivation and use."
    -Mycological Research, February 2005

    "If you are a mushroom enthusiast, you must have this complex book. It would also serve admirably as part of a graduate level mycology course."
    - Matthew W. Bernart, Rogue Community College, Oregon in the Journal of Natural Products, 2005, Volume 68

    "To my knowledge, no past or current book comes closes to covering all the subjects considered in this book…
    - Solomon P. Wasser, in International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Volume 6

    "...The book is richly illustrated with more than 100 original photographs and figures. The book contains about 800 terms in the glossary, which is very useful, especially for amateurs and beginning scientists…"

    "...This latest edition has been expanded by more than 60%. ...The new book contains 22 chapters…

    "... Well-written and thorough.... I would strongly recommend this new edition of mushrooms without hesitation to industrial and medicinal mycologists, mushroom growers, botanists, plant pathologists, and professionals and scientists in related fields…. I will use this book extensively, both in teaching mycology to university students and in experimental work in my laboratory."

    "The value of this book cannot be overestimated. ... This book is a real encyclopedia of mushroom biology including cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal value, and environmental impact."
    - Solomon P. Wasser, in International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Volume 6


    e book is richly illustrated with more than 100 original photographs and figures. The book contains about 800 terms in the glossary, which is very useful, especially for amateurs and beginning scientists…"

    "...This latest edition has been expanded by more than 60%. ...The new book contains 22 chapters…

    "... Well-written and thorough.... I would strongly recommend this new edition of mushrooms without hesitation to industrial and medicinal mycologists, mushroom growers, botanists, plant pathologists, and professionals and scientists in related fields…. I will use this book extensively, both in teaching mycology to university students and in experimental work in my laboratory."

    "The value of this book cannot be overestimated. ... This book is a real encyclopedia of mushroom biology including cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal value, and environmental impact."
    - Solomon P. Wasser, in International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Volume 6