1st Edition

Land Application of Biosolids Process Design Manual

By Epa Copyright 1997
    310 Pages
    by CRC Press

    312 Pages
    by CRC Press

    This book covers the advantages, limitations and operational standards for common land application of biosolids practices, including uses on agricultural lands, forest lands, reclamation sites, and public and private use sites. It is useful to people in all aspects of the wastewater industry.

    Introduction
    * Overview
    * Sewage Sludge Regulations
    * Objectives of Manual
    * Scope of Manual

    Overview of Sewage Sludge Land Application Practices
    * Introduction
    * Application to Agricultural Lands
    * Purpose and Definition - Advantages of Agricultural Land Application - Limitations of Agricultural Land Application
    * Application to Forest Lands
    * Purpose and Definition - Advantages of Forest Land Application - Limitations of Forest Land Application
    * Application at Reclamation Sites
    * Purpose and Definition - Advantages of Land Application at Reclamation Sites - Limitations of Land Application at Reclamation Sites
    * Application at Public Contact Sites, Lawns, and Home Gardens
    * Purpose and Definition - Advantages of Land Application at Public Contact Sites, Lawns, and Home Gardens - Limitations of Land Application at Public Contact Sites, Lawns, and Home Gardens
    * References

    Overview of the Part 503 Regulatory Requirements for Land Application of Sewage Sludge
    * General
    * Pollutant Limits
    * Ceiling Concentration Limits - Pollutant Concentration Limits - Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rates (CPLRs) - Annual Pollutant Loading Rates (APLRs) - Why Organic Pollutants Were Not Included in Part 503
    * Manual Practices
    * Operation Standards for Pathogens and Vector Attraction Reduction
    * Pathogen Reduction Requirements - Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements
    * Frequency of Monitoring
    * Recordkeeping and Reporting
    * Sewage Sludge Quality and the Part 503 Requirements
    * Exceptional Quality (EQ) Sewage Sludge - Pollutant Concentration (PC) Sewage Sludge - Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rate (CPLR) Sewage Sludge - Annual Pollutant Loading Rate (APLR) Sewage Sludge
    * References

    Characteristics of Sewage Sludge
    * Introduction
    * Sewage Sludge Quality
    * Total Solids Content
    * Volatile Solids Content
    * pH
    * Organic Matter
    * Pathogens
    * Nutrients
    * Nitrogen - Phosphorus, Potassium, and Other Nutrients
    * Metals
    * Organic Chemicals
    * Hazardous Pollutants (If Any)
    * Types of Sewage Sludge
    * Primary Sewage Sludge - Secondary Sewage Sludge - Tertiary Sewage Sludge - Domestic Septage
    * Effects of Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes on Sewage Sludge Characteristics
    * Effects of Pretreatment and Pollution Prevention Programs on Sewage Sludge Characteristics
    * References

    Site Evaluation and Selection Process
    * General
    * Part 503 Requirements
    * Protection of Surface Water and Wetlands - Protection of Threatened and Endangered Species - Site Restrictions
    * Planning and Selection Process
    * Preliminary Planning
    * Institutional and Regulatory Framework - Public Participation - Preliminary Land Area Requirements - Sewage Sludge Transport Assessment
    * Phase I Site Evaluation and Site Screening
    * Existing Information Sources - Land Use and Availability - Physical Characteristics of Potential Sites - Site Screening
    * Phase II Site Evaluation: Field Investigation
    * Selection of Land Application Practice
    * Final Site Selection
    * Preliminary Cost Analysis - Final Site Selection
    * Site Selection Example
    * City Characteristics - Sewage Sludge and Soil Characteristics - Regulations Considered - Public Acceptance - Preliminary Feasibility Assessment - Estimate Land Area Required - Eliminate Unsuitable Areas - Identify Suitable Areas - Phase II Site Survey and Field Investigation - Cost Analysis - Final Site Selection
    * References

    Phase II Site Evaluation
    * General
    * Preliminary Field Site Survey
    * Site-Specific Field Investigations
    * Base Map Preparation - Field Checking of Surface Features and Marking Buffer Zones on the Base Map - Identifying Topographic Limitations - Field Soil Survey - Delineation of Floodplains and Wetlands - Site Hydrogeology
    * Soil Sampling and Analysis to Determine Agronomic Rates
    * Part 503 Definition of Agronomic Rate - Soil Sampling
    * Special Considerations for Reclamation Sites
    * Sampling and Analysis of Disturbed Soils
    * References

    Process Design for Agricultural Land Application Sites
    * General
    * Regulatory Requirements and Other Considerations
    * Nitrogen and Other Nutrients - Soil pH and Requirements for pH Reduction - Special Considerations for Arid Lands
    * Application Methods and Scheduling
    * Application Methods - Scheduling - Storage
    * Determining Sewwage Sludge Application Rates for Agricultural Sites
    * Part 503 Agronomic Rate for N and Pollutant Limits for Metals - Crop Selection and Nutrient Requirements - Calculating Residual N, P, and K - Calculation of Annual Application Rates - Calculation of Supplemental N, P, and K Fertilizer - Use of Computer Models to Assist in Determining Agronomic Rates
    * Design Example of Sewage Sludge Application Rate Calculations
    * Calculation of Agronomic N Rate for Each Field - Calculation of Long-Term Pollutant Loadings and Maximum Sewage Sludge Quantities - Calculation of Agronomic P Rate for Each Field - Calculation of Supplemental K Fertilizer to Meet Crop Nutrient Requirements - Additional Considerations for Land Application Program Planning
    * References

    Process Design for Forest Land Application Sites
    * General
    * Regulatory Requirements and Other Considerations
    * Pathogens - Nitrogen Dynamics
    * Effect of Sewage Sludge Applications on Tree Growth and Wood Properties
    * Seedling Survival - Growth Response - Wood Quality
    * Effect of Sewage Sludge Application on Forest Ecosystems
    * Forest Application Opportunities
    * Forest Stand Types - Christmas Tree Plantations
    * Equipment for Sewage Sludge Application at Forest Sites
    * Transfer Equipment - Application Equipment
    * Scheduling
    * Determining Sewage Sludge Application Rates for Forest Sites
    * General - Nitrogen Uptake and Dynamics in Forests - Calculation Based on Nitrogen for a Given Year - Calculation of Sewage Sludge Application Rates for First and Subsequent Years - Calculation Based on Part 503 Pollutant Limits for Metals
    * Design Example of Sewage Sludge Application at Forest Sites
    * Sewage Sludge Quantity and Quality Assumptions - Site Selection - Determining the Sewage Sludge Application Rate Based on Nitrogen - Site Capacity Based on Nitrogen
    * References

    Process Design for Land Application at Reclamation Sites
    * General
    * Consideration of Post-Sewage Sludge Application Land Use
    * Mining Regulations
    * Nutrients, Soil pH, and Climate Considerations
    * Nutrients - Soil pH and pH Adjustment - Factors Affecting Crop Yields at Reclamation Sites - Special Considerations for Arid Lands
    * Vegetation Selection
    * General - Seeding and Mulching
    * Sewage Sludge Applications Methods
    * Transportation - Site Preparation Prior to Sewage Sludge Application - Methods of Application - Storage
    * Scheduling
    * Determining Sewage Sludge Application Rates at Reclamation Sites
    * General Information - Approach for Determining a Single, Large Application of Sewage Sludge at a Reclamation Site - Design Example for a Single, Large Sewage Sludge Application at a Reclamation Site
    * References

    Land Application at Public Contact Sites, Lawns, and Home Gardens
    * General
    * Part 503 Requirements
    * Marketing of Sewage Sludge
    * Developing Product Demand - Marketing Cost Considerations
    * References

    Land Application of Domestic Septage
    * General
    * Definition of Domestic Septage - Domestic Septage versus Industrial/Commercial Septage
    * Regulatory Requirements for Land Application of Domestic Septage
    * Determining Annual Application Rates for Domestic Septage at Agricultural Land, Forests, or Reclamation Sites - Pathogen Reduction Requirements - Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements - Certification Requirements for Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction - Restrictions on Crop Harvesting, Animal Grazing, and Site Access - Recordkeeping and Reporting - Part 503 Required Management Practices - State Requirements for Domestic Septage
    * Adjusting the pH of Domestic Septage
    * Sampling for pH
    * Methods of Application
    * Operation and Maintenance at Land Application Sites Using Domestic Septage
    * References

    Public Participation
    * Introduction
    * Objectives
    * Implementation of a Public Participation Program
    * Initial Planning Stage - Site Selection Stage - Site Design Stage - Site Preparation and Operation Stage
    * Special Considerations
    * Agricultural Sites - Forest Sites - Reclamation Sites
    * References

    Monitoring and Sampling
    * Overview
    * Sewage Sludge Monitoring and Sampling
    * Sampling Location - Frequency of Monitoring - Sample Collection - Analytical Methods
    * Soil Monitoring and Sampling
    * Sampling Location and Frequency - Number of Samples - Sample Collection - Analytical Methods
    * Surface-Water and Ground-Water Monitoring
    * Surface-Water Monitoring
    * Ground-Water Monitoring
    * Vegetation Monitoring
    * Monitoring and Sampling at Reclamation Sites
    * General - Disturbed Soil Sampling Procedures - Suggested Monitoring Program
    * References

    General Design Considerations
    * Introduction
    * Transportation of Sewage Sludge
    * Transport Modes - Vehicle Transport - Pipeline Transport - Other Transport Methods
    * Storage of Sewage Sludge
    * Storage Requirements - Storage Capacity - Location of Storage - Storage Design
    * Land Application Methods
    * Overview - Application of Liquid Sewage Sludge - Application of Dewatered Sewage Sludge
    * Site Preparation
    * General - Protection of Groundwater and Surface Water Quality - Grading - Erosion Control
    * Design of Supporting Facilities
    * Access Roads - Public Access - Equipment and Personnel Buildings - Lighting and Other Utilities
    * References

    Management, Operational Considerations, and Record keeping and Reporting
    * Sewage Sludge Management Plans
    * Part 503 Requirements Affecting Land Application Site Operation
    * Nuisance Issues
    * Odor - Spillage - Mud - Dust - Noise - Road Maintenance - Selection of Haul Routes
    * Safety Concerns
    * Training
    * Health Concerns
    * General - Personnel Health Safeguards
    * Recordkeeping and Reporting
    * General - Part 503 Recordkeeping Requirements for Preparers of Sewage Sludge - Part 503 Requirements for Appliers of Sewage Sludge - Notification Requirements for Preparers and Appliers of Sewage Sludge - Notice of Interstate Transport - Notification by Appliers - Annual Reports
    * References

    Cost Estimate Guidance for Land Application Systems
    * Introduction
    * Information Needed Prior to Using Cost Algorithms - Economic Variables - Total Base Capital Cost Estimates - Total Annual O&M Cost Estimates - Calculating Cost Per Dry Ton
    * Agricultural Land Application
    * General Information and Assumptions Made - Process Design and Cost Calculations
    * Application to Forest Lands
    * General Information and Assumptions Made - Process Design and Cost Calculations
    * Land Application at Reclamation Sites
    * General Information and Assumptions Made - Process Design and Cost Calculations
    * Transportation of Sewage Sludge
    * Truck Hauling of Liquid Sewage Sludge - Truck Hauling of Dewatered Sewage Sludge - Long-Distance Pipeline Transport of Liquid Sewage Sludge
    * Example of Preliminary Cost Estimation for Agricultural Land Application to Cropland
    * Process Design and Cost Calculations
    * References
    * Appendix A Case Studies
    * Appendix B Federal Sewage Sludge Contacts
    * Appendix C Permit Application Requirements
    * Appendix D Conversion Factors


    Note: This report was originally published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is being reprinted by Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. to make its timely more widely available.
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    Biography

    US Environmental Agency