2nd Edition

Introduction to Liquid Crystals Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition

By Peter J. Collings, John W. Goodby Copyright 2020
    531 Pages 20 Color & 380 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    531 Pages 20 Color & 380 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition relies on only introductory level chemistry and physics as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science. Liquid crystals combine the material properties of solids with the flow properties of fluids. As such they have provided the foundation for a revolution in low-power, flat-panel display technology (LCDs). In this book, the essential elements of liquid crystal science are introduced and explained from the perspectives of both the chemist and physicist. This new edition relies on only introductory level physics and chemistry as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science and is, therefore, ideal for students and recent graduates.

    Features

    • Introduces and explains the essential elements of liquid crystal science, including discussion of how liquid crystals have been utilized for innovative and important applications. New to this edition are over 300 figures, 90 end-of chapter exercises, and an increased scope that includes recent developments.
    • Combines the knowledge of two eminent scientists in the field; they have fully updated and expanded the text to cover undergraduate/graduate course work as well as current research in what is now a billion-dollar industry.
    • Immerses the reader in the vocabulary, structures, data, and kinetic models, rapidly building up an understanding of the theories and models in current use.
    • Begins with a historical account of the discovery of liquid crystals and continues with a description of how different phases are generated and how different molecular architectures affect liquid crystal properties.

    Chapter 1 Welcome to a Delicate and Special Phase of Matter

    1.1 PHASES OF MATTER

    1.2 ORIENTATIONAL AND POSITIONAL ORDER

    1.3 TYPES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS

    1.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES

    1.5 COMPLEX MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES

    1.6 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

    1.7 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

     

    Chapter 2 A Liquid Crystal - What is it?

    2.1 FACE-TO-FACE WITH LIQUID CRYSTALS

    2.2 POLYMORPHISM AND HEATS OF TRANSITION

    2.3 MIXING SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

    2.4 PERIODIC ORDER AND LENGTH SCALES IN 1D, 2D,

    AND 3D SYSTEMS

    2.5 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS IN LIQUID CRYSTALS

    2.6 DYNAMICS AND FLUCTUATIONS IN LIQUID CRYSTALS

     

    Chapter 3 Nature’s Anisotropic Fluids - It’s All About Direction

    3.1 ANISOTROPY

    3.2 TENSOR ALGEBRA

    3.3 ORDER PARAMETERS AND THEIR MEASUREMENT

    3.4 UNIAXIAL VS. BIAXIAL ORDER

    3.5 ELECTRIC AND OPTICAL ANISOTROPY

    3.6 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE

    3.7 CONTINUUM THEORY

    3.8 DISCLINATIONS AND DEFECTS

     

    Chapter 4 Theoretical Insights - So Many Possibilities

    4.1 LANDAU-DEGENNES THEORY

    4.2 MAIER-SAUPE THEORY

    4.3 ONSAGER THEORY

    4.4 EXTENSIONS TO THE SMECTIC PHASE

    4.5 PRETRANSITIONAL FLUCTUATIONS

    4.6 SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

    4.7 DEFECT PHASES

    4.8 SELF-ASSEMBLY THEORY

     

    Chapter 5 Calamitic Liquid Crystals - Rods, Kinks, and Molecular Design

    5.1 THE MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS OF CALAMITIC

    LIQUID CRYSTALS

    5.2 SELF-ORGANIZATION VERSUS SELF-ASSEMBLY

    5.3 NANO- AND MICRO-PHASE SEGREGATION

    5.4 CALAMITIC LIQUID CRYSTALS AND PHASE TRANSITIONS

    5.5 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION

    5.6 ASPECT RATIOS IN MOLECULAR DESIGN OF CALAMITIC

    PHASES

    5.7 CONJUGATION, POLARIZABILITY, AND SUPRAMOLECULAR

    ASPECT RATIOS

    5.8 LATERAL INTERACTIONS AND BIAXIAL PHASES

    5.9 EFFECT OF ASPECT RATIOS AND LAYER FORMATION

    5.10 TILTING IN SMECTIC PHASES 173

     

    Chapter 6 Discotic Liquid Crystals - Stacking the Dishes and the Bowls

    6.1 PILING UP THE PENNIES AND DISCOTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

    6.2 STRUCTURES OF MESOPHASES FORMED BY DISK-LIKE

    MOLECULES

    6.3 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - HARD DISKS

    6.4 CHEMICAL MOEITY SELECTION - DISK PERIPHERY

    6.5 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - DISK THICKNESS

    6.6 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - CHANGING THE DISKLIKE

    CORES

    6.7 DISCOTICS WITH CONNECTED DISKS

    6.8 DISCOTICS WITH DONUT RINGS

    6.9 DISCOTICS WITH BOWLIC CORES

    6.10 DISCOTIC SUPERMOLECULES WITH HYBRID COLUMNAR

    AND CALAMITIC STRUCTURES

     

    Chapter 7 Chiral Liquid Crystals - Twisted and Frustrated

    7.1 HANDED LIQUID CRYSTALS

    7.2 MOLECULAR ASYMMETRY AND DISSYMMETRY IN LIQUID

    CRYSTALS

    7.3 OPTICAL PURITY AND ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS

    7.4 SYMMETRY BREAKING FOR LOCAL SPACE SYMMETRY

    AND FORM CHIRALITY

    7.5 HELICAL STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS LIQUID CRYSTAL

    PHASES

    7.6 NON-HELICAL CHIRAL LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES

    7.7 CHIRAL MESOPHASES SUPPORTED BY THE FORMATION

    OF DEFECTS

    7.8 CHIRALMESOPHASESANDCONGLOMERATESFORMED

    BY ACHIRAL MATERIALS

    7.9 CONNECTING LOCAL CHIRALITY TO MACROSCOPIC

    CHIRALITY

     

    Chapter 8 Bent-Core Liquid Crystals - It’s Bananas

    8.1 MOLECULES OF UNCONVENTIONAL STRUCTURE

    8.2 BROKEN SYMMETRY IN BENT-CORE PHASES

    8.3 THE BIAXIAL NEMATIC PHASE

    8.4 THE B2 PHASE AND LAMELLAR SUB-PHASES

    8.5 THE B1 PHASE AND ITS COLUMNAR SUB-PHASES

    8.6 SPLAY AND MODULATED STRUCTURES IN B PHASES

     

    Chapter 9 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals - Wet ’n’ Dry

    9.1 AMPHIPHILES AND LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

    9.2 AMPHIPHILES AND MICELLES

    9.3 THE STRUCTURE OF LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

    9.4 THE LAMELLAR LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE

    9.5 THE HEXAGONAL LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES

    9.6 THE DISCONTINUOUS CUBIC LYOTROPIC LIQUID

    CRYSTAL PHASES

    9.7 THE BICONTINOUS CUBIC LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL

    PHASES

    9.8 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND PHASE DIAGRAMS

    9.9 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LIQUID CRYSTALS

    9.10 CHROMONIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

     

    Chapter 10 Polymers, Oligomers & Dendrimers - Big and Beautiful

    10.1 MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS

    10.2 POLYMERS, OLIGOMERS, AND DENDRIMERS

    10.3 MESOGENIC MOIETIES INCORPORATED IN POLYMERS,

    OLIGOMERS, AND DENDRIMERS

    10.4 MESOGENIC MOIETIES ATTACHED TO POLYMER

    BACKBONES

    10.5 MESOGENIC MOIETIES ATTACHED TO DENDIMERS

    10.6 PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION IN ORGANIZED MEDIA

     

    Chapter 11 Liquid Crystal Science - Techniques and Instruments

    11.1 INTRODUCTION

    11.2 POLARIZED OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

    11.3 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

    11.4 REFRACTOMETRY AND CONOSCOPY

    11.5 X-RAY DIFFRACTION

    11.6 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

    11.7 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

    11.8 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS

    11.9 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS

    11.10 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS

    11.11 DEVICE TECHNIQUES

     

    Chapter 12 Liquid Crystals in Electric and Magnetic Fields - A Delicate Response

    12.1 ELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY

    12.2 MAGNETIZATION

    12.3 FREDERIKS TRANSITION

    12.4 HELIX UNWINDING TRANSITION

    12.5 BOUNDARIES

    12.6 CONVECTIVE INSTABILITIES

    12.7 FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

     

    Chapter 13 Light and Liquid Crystals - A Panoply of Color

    13.1 POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

    13.2 BIREFRINGENCE

    13.3 OPTICAL RETARDATION

    13.4 JONES CALCULUS

    13.5 CIRCULAR BIREFRINGENCE AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY

    13.6 OPTICS OF CHIRAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

    13.7 LIGHT SCATTERING

    13.8 INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE IN THE ISOTROPIC PHASE

     

    Chapter 14 Liquid Crystal Displays - Here, There, and Everywhere

    14.1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

    14.2 TWISTED NEMATIC DISPLAYS

    14.3 VERTICALLY ALIGNED NEMATIC DISPLAYS

    14.4 IN-PLANE SWITCHING NEMATIC DISPLAYS

    14.5 FERROELECTRIC SMECTIC DISPLAYS

    14.6 LCD TECHNOLOGY

    14.7 COMPENSATORS

     

    Chapter 15 Other Applications - Optical Fiber Networks to Shampoo

    15.1 LIQUID CRYSTAL ON SILICON TECHNOLOGY

    15.2 SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS

    15.3 CIRCULAR POLARIZERS

    15.4 TEMPERATURE SENSORS

    15.5 LUBRICANTS

    15.6 HIGH YIELD STRENGTH POLYMERS

    15.7 DETERGENTS, COSMETICS, FOOD, AND DRUGS

    Index

    Biography

    Peter J. Collings is Morris L. Clothier Emeritus Professor of Physics at Swarthmore College and Adjunct Professor of Physics at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and past Vice-President of the International Liquid Crystal Society. He is the author of Liquid Crystals: Nature’s Delicate Phase of Matter (Princeton University Press, 1990, 2002) and co-author of the first edition of Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics (Taylor & Francis, 1997).

    John W. Goodby is Emeritus Professor of Materials Chemistry at the University of York, UK. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and past President of the International Liquid Crystal Society. He is the co-author of Smectic Liquid Crystals: Textures and Structures (Leonard Hill, 1984), Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals: Principles, Properties and Applications (Gordon & Breach 1991), and Senior Editor of the Handbook of Liquid Crystals (Wiley-VCH, 2014).