3rd Edition

Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements

By Robert B. Northrop Copyright 2014
    952 Pages 561 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    952 Pages 561 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Weighing in on the growth of innovative technologies, the adoption of new standards, and the lack of educational development as it relates to current and emerging applications, the third edition of Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements uses the authors’ 40 years of teaching experience to expound on the theory, science, and art of modern instrumentation and measurements (I&M).

    What’s New in This Edition:

    This edition includes material on modern integrated circuit (IC) and photonic sensors, micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) and nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) sensors, chemical and radiation sensors, signal conditioning, noise, data interfaces, and basic digital signal processing (DSP), and upgrades every chapter with the latest advancements. It contains new material on the designs of micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) sensors, adds two new chapters on wireless instrumentation and microsensors, and incorporates extensive biomedical examples and problems.

    Containing 13 chapters, this third edition:

    • Describes sensor dynamics, signal conditioning, and data display and storage
    • Focuses on means of conditioning the analog outputs of various sensors
    • Considers noise and coherent interference in measurements in depth
    • Covers the traditional topics of DC null methods of measurement and AC null measurements
    • Examines Wheatstone and Kelvin bridges and potentiometers
    • Explores the major AC bridges used to measure inductance, Q, capacitance, and D
    • Presents a survey of sensor mechanisms
    • Includes a description and analysis of sensors based on the giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR) and the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect
    • Provides a detailed analysis of mechanical gyroscopes, clinometers, and accelerometers
    • Contains the classic means of measuring electrical quantities
    • Examines digital interfaces in measurement systems
    • Defines digital signal conditioning in instrumentation
    • Addresses solid-state chemical microsensors and wireless instrumentation
    • Introduces mechanical microsensors (MEMS and NEMS)
    • Details examples of the design of measurement systems

    Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements is written with practicing engineers and scientists in mind, and is intended to be used in a classroom course or as a reference. It is assumed that the reader has taken core EE curriculum courses or their equivalents.

    Measurement Systems

    Introduction

    Measurement System Architecture

    Errors in Measurements

    Standards Used in Measurements

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Analog Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation

    Introduction

    Differential Amplifiers

    Operational Amplifiers

    Analog Active Filter Applications Using Conventional Op-Amps

    Instrumentation Amplifiers

    Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing by Op-Amps and by Special

    Function Modules

    Charge Amplifiers

    Phase-Sensitive Rectifiers

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Noise and Coherent Interference in Measurements

    Introduction

    Descriptions of Random Noise in Circuits

    Propagation of Gaussian Noise through Linear Filters

    Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers

    Spot Noise Factor and Figure

    Transformer Optimization of Amplifier Fspot and Output SNR

    Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers

    Examples of Calculations of the Noise-Limited Resolution of Certain

    Signal Conditioning Systems

    Modern, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Use in Instrumentation

    Signal-Conditioning Systems

    Coherent Interference and Its Minimization

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    DC Null Methods of Measurement

    Introduction

    Wheatstone Bridge Analysis

    Kelvin Bridge

    Anderson Constant Current Loop

    Potentiometers

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    AC Null Measurements

    Introduction

    Components: Inductor Equivalent Circuits

    Components: Capacitor Equivalent Circuits

    AC Operation of Wheatstone Bridges

    AC Bridges

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Survey of Sensor Mechanisms

    Introduction

    Categories of Sensor Mechanisms

    Fiber-Optic Sensors

    Photomultiplier Tubes and Related Photoelectron Multiplication Devices

    Ionizing Radiation Sensors

    Electrochemical Sensors

    Mechano-Optical Sensors

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Applications of Sensors to Physical Measurements

    Introduction

    Measurement of Angular Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement

    Measurement of Linear Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement, and Position

    Measurement of Force and Torque

    Pressure Measurements

    Introduction to Substance Detection and Measurement Using Photons

    Other Means of Substance Detection

    Temperature Measurements

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Basic Electrical Measurements

    Introduction

    DC Voltage Measurements

    Measurement of Static Electric Fields and the Potential of Charged Surfaces

    DC Measurements

    AC Voltage Measurements

    AC Measurements

    Magnetic Field Measurements

    Phase Measurements

    Measurements of Frequency and Period (Time)

    Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance

    Vector Impedance Meters

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Digital Interfaces in Measurement Systems

    Introduction

    Sampling Theorem

    Quantization Noise

    Dithering

    DACs

    Hold Operation

    ADCs

    IEEE- Instrumentation Bus (GPIB)

    Serial Data Communications Links

    CAMAC (IEEE-) Modular Instrumentation Standard and the VXI

    Modular Instrumentation Architecture

    How Transmission Lines Affect the Transfer of Digital Data

    Data Transmission on Fiber-Optic Cables

    Virtual Instruments

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Introduction to Digital Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation

    Introduction

    Digital Filters and the z-Transform

    Some Simple DSP Algorithms

    Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms and Their Applications

    Digital Routines for Interpolating Discrete Data

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Solid-State Chemical Microsensors and Wireless Instrumentation

    Introduction

    Chemical Microsensor Designs

    Electronic Noses

    Radio ICs for Wireless Data Transmission

    Wireless Patient Monitoring Systems

    Power Sources for Wireless Sensors, Effectors, and WDX

    Absorbable Electronic Circuit Implants

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Introduction to Mechanical Microsensors

    Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems

    MEM Accelerometer and Pressure Sensor ICs

    MEM Rate Gyros

    Cantilever-Like MEMS and NEMS and Their Applications

    Chapter Summary

    Problems

    Examples of the Design of Measurement Systems

    Introduction

    Self-Nulling, Microdegree Resolution Polarimeter to Measure Glucose in Bioreactors

    Design of a System to Detect, Measure, and Locate Partial Discharges in High-Voltage Coaxial Power Cables

    Design of a Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, Pulsed Laser Ranging System and Velocimeter

    Design of Capacitive Sensors for the Detection of Hidden Objects

    Chapter Summary

    Glossary

    References

    Index

    Biography

    Robert B. Northrop, PhD, majored in electrical engineering (EE) at MIT, graduating with a bachelor’s degree in 1956. At the University of Connecticut, he earned his master’s degree in electrical and systems engineering in 1958. As the result of a long-standing interest in physiology, he enrolled in a PhD program at UCONN in physiology, doing research on the neuromuscular physiology of molluscan catch muscles. He received his PhD in 1964. In 1963, he rejoined the UCONN EE Department as a lecturer and was hired as an assistant professor of EE in 1964. He has written numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals, and 12 textbooks including the following books published by CRC Press: Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements (1997), Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems (2000), Dynamic Modeling of Neuro-Sensory Systems (2001), Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurements in Medical Diagnosis (2002), Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits in Biomedical Engineering (2004), Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements—2nd edition (2005), Introduction to Molecular Biology, Genomics & Proteomics for Biomedical Engineers (with Anne N. Connor) (2008), Signals and Systems Analysis in Biomedical Engineering—2nd edition (2010), Introduction to Complexity and Complex Systems (2011), Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits in Biomedical Engineering—2nd edition (2012), and Ecological Sustainability: Understanding Complex Issues (with Anne N. Connor) (2013).