1st Edition
Instrumentation Operation, Measurement, Scope and Application of Instruments
Instrumentation: Operation, Measurement, Scope and Application of Instruments, provides various concepts, theoretical and practical knowledge and develops the techno-managerial skill in the field of instrumentation. Various possible methods of measurements of commonly used instruments for measuring various quantities often used in engineering and design are provided, presented and discussed sufficiently from fundamentals to advancements. It aims at providing an insight into various concepts and awareness as well as developments of the field. Numerical problems and examples and usual situations that occur in industries and daily life are presented as necessary.
Measurement Systems – An Overview and Basic Concepts
Introduction
The Process of Measurement
Scope of Instrumentation
Jargon of Instrumentation
Basic Principles of Measurement
Complexity of Measurement Methods
Applications of Measuring Instruments
Generalized Input-Output Model of Measurement System
Types of Inputs
Classification of Instruments
Objectives of Instrumentation
Characteristics of Instruments
Introduction
Static and Dynamic Quantities
Static Characteristics
Dynamic Characteristics
Modeling for Dynamic Performance
Systems of Various Orders
Standard Test Signals
Dynamic Response of First Order System
Dynamic Response of Second Order System
Inaccuracies in Instruments
Introduction
Terminology
Error of Measurement and Measurement of Error
Error
Sources/Causes of Error
Classification of Errors
Random Errors (or Precision or Accidental Error)
Systematic Error (or Bias Error)
Illegitimate Errors
Other Errors
Transducers and Measurement of Displacement
Introduction
Classification of Transducers
Mechanical Transducers
Electromechanical Transducers
Resistive Type Transducers
Inductive Type Transducers
Capacitive Transducers
Piezoelectric Transducers
Photoelectric Effects
Hall Effect
Magnetostrictive Transducer
Ionization Transducers
Digital Displacement Transducers
Measurement of Temperature
Introduction
Basic Concepts of Temperature
Measurement of Temperature
Measurement of Temperature by changes in Physical Dimensions
Pressure Thermometers
Electrical Effects on Temperature
Measurement of Temperature by Electrical Methods
Semiconductor Junction Temperature Sensors
The Linear Quartz Thermometer
Thermometers using Changes in Emitted Thermal Radiation-Pyrometers
Types of Pyrometers
Temperature Measurement by Changes in Chemical Phase
Measurement of Pressure
Introduction
Definitions And Terminology
Classification of Pressure Measuring Devices
Dead Weight Tester
Manometers
Mechanical Displacement Type Gauges
Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge
Elastic Diaphragm Gauges
Bellows Gauges
Strain Gauge Pressure Cells
The McLeod Gauge
Thermal Conductivity Gauges
Flow Measurement
Introduction
Nature of Flow
Classification of Flow Measurements
Primary or Quantity Methods
Flow (Obstruction) Meters
Turbine Meters
Magnetic Flow Meters
Vortex Shedding Flow Meters
Measurement of Fluid Velocities
Anemometers
Measurement by Scattering
Ultrasonic Anemometry
The Interferometer
The Shadow Graph
Calibration of Flow Measuring Devices
Flow-Visualization Techniques
Measurement of Liquid Level
Introduction
Measurement of Liquid Level
Classification of Liquid-Level Measurement Methods
Direct Liquid Level Measurement Devices
Float Gauges
Indirect Liquid Level Measurement Devices
Hydrostatic Pressure Devices (Bubbler or Purge System)
Electric Liquid Level Sensors
Gamma Ray Liquid Level Sensor
Ultrasonic Liquid Level Gauge
Inductive Methods or Magnetic Level Indicator
Cryogenic Fuel Level Indicator
Measurement of Speed
Introduction
Classification of Tachometers
Mechanical Tachometers
Electrical Tachometers
Measurement of Vibration and Acceleration
Introduction
Vibration Measurement
Transducers used in Vibration Measurement
List of Transducers/Instruments used to Measure Vibration/Acceleration
Factors Affecting the Choice of Transducers
Calibration of Vibration Transducers
Servo Accelerometer
Digital Accelerometer
Measurement of Force, Torque and Power
Introduction
Methods of Measurement of Force
Arm Balance
Unequal Arm Balance
Pendulum Scale (Multi-Lever Type)
Elastic Force Meter (Proving Ring)
Strain Gauge Load Cell
Hydraulic Load Cell
Pneumatic Load Cells
Measurement of Torque and Power
Dynamometers
Torsion Meter
Strain and Stress Measurement
Introduction
Fundamentals of Stress and Strain
Strain Measurement
The Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge
Types of Strain Gauges
Selection and Preparation of Bonded Strain Gauge
Temperature Compensation
Temperature Compensation using an adjacent Arm Compensating Gauge
Gauge Rosettes (Multiple Grids)
Wheatstone bridge Circuit
Calibration
Applications of Strain Gauges
Measurement of Viscosity and Surface Tension
Introduction
The Jargon of Viscosity
Classification of Viscometers
Capillary Tube Viscometer
Efflux Viscometers
Falling Sphere Viscometer
Rotating Cylinder Viscometers
Surface Tension
Measurement of Surface Tension
Du Noüy Ring Tensiometer
Du Noüy-Padday Tensiometer
Wilhelmy Plate Tensiometer
Bubble Pressure Tensiometer
Goniometer/ Tensiometer
Some More Methods
Measurement of Humidity/Dampness and Density/Specific Gravity
Introduction
Terminology
List of Instruments used to Measure Humidity
Psychrometers (Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometers)
Sling Psychrometer
Absorption Hygrometers
Dew Point Meter
Fundamentals of Density and Specific Gravity
Instruments to Measure Specific Gravity and Density
Pycnometer
Hydrometers
Differential Type Bubbler Systems
Special Applications of Hydrometers
Elements of Control Systems
Introduction
Basic Components of a Control System
Control Systems Terminology
Types of Control Systems
Differences between Open Loop and Closed Loop Systems
Servo Mechanism
Requirements of a Control System
Control Systems – Case Studies
Appendix
Index
Biography
Dr. N.V.S. Raju is a BE distinction graduate in Mechanical Engineering from, OU, Hyderabad. Later, he acquired PG Dip in IRPM from OU, M.Tech. (PEM) from JNTU Hyderabad and M.B.A (Marketing) from BRAOU, Hyderabad. He is associated with professional bodies as MISTE, MORSI and MIPE. He has been awarded Ph.D. in the year 2005 in Mechanical Engineering (with specialization in Reliability Centered Maintenance) from OU, Hyderabad. He has served in industry also for more than 9 years in various capacities in Hyderabad Allwyn Ltd, Watch Division and is currently a Professor of Mechanical engineering and Vice Principal of JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India.
Sixteen books have come from his pen earlier along with courses in Operations Research, Productivity Management, Plant Engg & Management, Condition Monitoring and Maintenance Management, Industrial Engg & Systems. He has more than 50 publications in various National and International Journals and Conferences to his credit and has been an enthusiastic supervisor for several research projects in UG, PG and Ph.D. levels.