1st Edition

Instrumentation Operation, Measurement, Scope and Application of Instruments

By N.V.S. Raju Copyright 2016
    600 Pages 119 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Instrumentation: Operation, Measurement, Scope and Application of Instruments, provides various concepts, theoretical and practical knowledge and develops the techno-managerial skill in the field of instrumentation. Various possible methods of measurements of commonly used instruments for measuring various quantities often used in engineering and design are provided, presented and discussed sufficiently from fundamentals to advancements. It aims at providing an insight into various concepts and awareness as well as developments of the field. Numerical problems and examples and usual situations that occur in industries and daily life are presented as necessary.

    Measurement Systems – An Overview and Basic Concepts

    Introduction

    The Process of Measurement

    Scope of Instrumentation

    Jargon of Instrumentation

    Basic Principles of Measurement

    Complexity of Measurement Methods

    Applications of Measuring Instruments

    Generalized Input-Output Model of Measurement System

    Types of Inputs

    Classification of Instruments

    Objectives of Instrumentation

    Characteristics of Instruments

    Introduction

    Static and Dynamic Quantities

    Static Characteristics

    Dynamic Characteristics

    Modeling for Dynamic Performance

    Systems of Various Orders

    Standard Test Signals

    Dynamic Response of First Order System

    Dynamic Response of Second Order System

     

    Inaccuracies in Instruments

    Introduction

    Terminology

    Error of Measurement and Measurement of Error

    Error

    Sources/Causes of Error

    Classification of Errors

    Random Errors (or Precision or Accidental Error)

    Systematic Error (or Bias Error)

    Illegitimate Errors

    Other Errors

    Transducers and Measurement of Displacement

    Introduction

    Classification of Transducers

    Mechanical Transducers

    Electromechanical Transducers

    Resistive Type Transducers

    Inductive Type Transducers

    Capacitive Transducers

    Piezoelectric Transducers

    Photoelectric Effects

    Hall Effect

    Magnetostrictive Transducer

    Ionization Transducers

    Digital Displacement Transducers

    Measurement of Temperature

    Introduction

    Basic Concepts of Temperature

    Measurement of Temperature

    Measurement of Temperature by changes in Physical Dimensions

    Pressure Thermometers

    Electrical Effects on Temperature

    Measurement of Temperature by Electrical Methods

    Semiconductor Junction Temperature Sensors

    The Linear Quartz Thermometer

    Thermometers using Changes in Emitted Thermal Radiation-Pyrometers

    Types of Pyrometers

    Temperature Measurement by Changes in Chemical Phase

    Measurement of Pressure

    Introduction

    Definitions And Terminology

    Classification of Pressure Measuring Devices

    Dead Weight Tester

    Manometers

    Mechanical Displacement Type Gauges

    Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge

    Elastic Diaphragm Gauges

    Bellows Gauges

    Strain Gauge Pressure Cells

    The McLeod Gauge

    Thermal Conductivity Gauges

    Flow Measurement

    Introduction

    Nature of Flow

    Classification of Flow Measurements

    Primary or Quantity Methods

    Flow (Obstruction) Meters

    Turbine Meters

    Magnetic Flow Meters

    Vortex Shedding Flow Meters

    Measurement of Fluid Velocities

    Anemometers

    Measurement by Scattering

    Ultrasonic Anemometry

    The Interferometer

    The Shadow Graph

    Calibration of Flow Measuring Devices

    Flow-Visualization Techniques

    Measurement of Liquid Level

    Introduction

    Measurement of Liquid Level

    Classification of Liquid-Level Measurement Methods

    Direct Liquid Level Measurement Devices

    Float Gauges

    Indirect Liquid Level Measurement Devices

    Hydrostatic Pressure Devices (Bubbler or Purge System)

    Electric Liquid Level Sensors

    Gamma Ray Liquid Level Sensor

    Ultrasonic Liquid Level Gauge

    Inductive Methods or Magnetic Level Indicator

    Cryogenic Fuel Level Indicator

    Measurement of Speed

    Introduction

    Classification of Tachometers

    Mechanical Tachometers

    Electrical Tachometers

    Measurement of Vibration and Acceleration

    Introduction

    Vibration Measurement

    Transducers used in Vibration Measurement

    List of Transducers/Instruments used to Measure Vibration/Acceleration

    Factors Affecting the Choice of Transducers

    Calibration of Vibration Transducers

    Servo Accelerometer

    Digital Accelerometer

    Measurement of Force, Torque and Power

    Introduction

    Methods of Measurement of Force

    Arm Balance

    Unequal Arm Balance

    Pendulum Scale (Multi-Lever Type)

    Elastic Force Meter (Proving Ring)

    Strain Gauge Load Cell

    Hydraulic Load Cell

    Pneumatic Load Cells

    Measurement of Torque and Power

    Dynamometers

    Torsion Meter

    Strain and Stress Measurement

    Introduction

    Fundamentals of Stress and Strain

    Strain Measurement

    The Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge

    Types of Strain Gauges

    Selection and Preparation of Bonded Strain Gauge

    Temperature Compensation

    Temperature Compensation using an adjacent Arm Compensating Gauge

    Gauge Rosettes (Multiple Grids)

    Wheatstone bridge Circuit

    Calibration

    Applications of Strain Gauges

     

    Measurement of Viscosity and Surface Tension

    Introduction

    The Jargon of Viscosity

    Classification of Viscometers

    Capillary Tube Viscometer

    Efflux Viscometers

    Falling Sphere Viscometer

    Rotating Cylinder Viscometers

    Surface Tension

    Measurement of Surface Tension

    Du Noüy Ring Tensiometer

    Du Noüy-Padday Tensiometer

    Wilhelmy Plate Tensiometer

    Bubble Pressure Tensiometer

    Goniometer/ Tensiometer

    Some More Methods

     

    Measurement of Humidity/Dampness and Density/Specific Gravity

    Introduction

    Terminology

    List of Instruments used to Measure Humidity

    Psychrometers (Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometers)

    Sling Psychrometer

    Absorption Hygrometers

    Dew Point Meter

    Fundamentals of Density and Specific Gravity

    Instruments to Measure Specific Gravity and Density

    Pycnometer

    Hydrometers

    Differential Type Bubbler Systems

    Special Applications of Hydrometers

    Elements of Control Systems

    Introduction

    Basic Components of a Control System

    Control Systems Terminology

    Types of Control Systems

    Differences between Open Loop and Closed Loop Systems

    Servo Mechanism

    Requirements of a Control System

    Control Systems – Case Studies

    Appendix

    Index

    Biography

    Dr. N.V.S. Raju is a BE distinction graduate in Mechanical Engineering from, OU, Hyderabad. Later, he acquired PG Dip in IRPM from OU, M.Tech. (PEM) from JNTU Hyderabad and M.B.A (Marketing) from BRAOU, Hyderabad. He is associated with professional bodies as MISTE, MORSI and MIPE. He has been awarded Ph.D. in the year 2005 in Mechanical Engineering (with specialization in Reliability Centered Maintenance) from OU, Hyderabad. He has served in industry also for more than 9 years in various capacities in Hyderabad Allwyn Ltd, Watch Division and is currently a Professor of Mechanical engineering and Vice Principal of JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India.

    Sixteen books have come from his pen earlier along with courses in Operations Research, Productivity Management, Plant Engg & Management, Condition Monitoring and Maintenance Management, Industrial Engg & Systems. He has more than 50 publications in various National and International Journals and Conferences to his credit and has been an enthusiastic supervisor for several research projects in UG, PG and Ph.D. levels.