2nd Edition
HVAC Water Chillers and Cooling Towers Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Second Edition
HVAC Water Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Second Edition explores the major improvements in recent years to many chiller and cooling tower components that have resulted in improved performance and lower operating costs. This new edition looks at how climate change and "green" designs have significantly impacted the selection of refrigerants and the application of chilled water systems. It also discusses the expanded use of digital controls and variable frequency drives as well as the re-introduction of some older technologies, especially ammonia-based absorption cooling.
The first half of the book focuses on water chillers and the second half addresses cooling towers. In both sections, the author includes the following material:
- Fundamentals—basic information about systems and equipment, including how they and their various components work
- Design and Application—equipment sizing, selection, and application; details of piping, control, and water treatment; and special considerations such as noise control, electrical service, fire protection, and energy efficiency
- Operations and Maintenance—commissioning and programmed maintenance of components and systems, with guidelines and recommended specifications for procurement
This up-to-date book provides HVAC designers, building owners, operating and maintenance staff, architects, and mechanical contractors with definitive and practical guidance on the application, design, purchase, operation, and maintenance of water chillers and cooling towers. It offers helpful information for you to use on a daily basis, including checklists and troubleshooting guidelines.
WATER CHILLERS: FUNDAMENTALS, APPLICATION, AND OPERATION
CHILLER FUNDAMENTALS
Refrigeration Machines
Vapor Compression Refrigeration
Absorption Refrigeration
Vapor Compression Cycle Water Chillers
Absorption Chillers
Chilled Water for HVAC Applications
Chiller Configurations
The Single Chiller System
Multichiller Systems
System Peak Cooling Load and Load Profile
Selecting Water Chillers
Mixed Energy Source Chiller Systems
CHILLER DESIGN AND APPLICATION
Chilled Water System Elements
Chiller Placement and Installation
Chilled Water Piping
Pump Selection and Piping
Chilled Water System Control and Performance
Start-Up Control
Capacity Control
Variable Flow Pumping Control
Cooling Thermal Energy Storage
Economics of Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Available Technologies
Application of TES
Special Chiller Considerations
Noise and Vibration
Electrical Service
Chiller Heat Recovery
CHILLER OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
Chiller Operation and Maintenance
Chiller Commissioning
Chiller Maintenance
Chiller Performance Troubleshooting
Refrigerant Management Program
Buying a Chiller
Defining Chiller Performance Requirements
Economic Evaluation of Chiller Systems
Procurement Specifications
COOLING TOWERS: FUNDAMENTALS, APPLICATION, AND OPERATION
COOLING TOWER FUNDAMENTALS
Cooling Tower Fundamentals
Cooling Towers in HVAC Systems
Condenser Water System Elements
Nomenclature
Cooling Tower Heat Transfer
Cooling Tower Performance Factors
Basic Cooling Tower Configuration
Cooling Tower Components
Fill
Structural Frame
Casing
Wet Decks/Water Distribution
Basins
Intake Louvers and Drift Eliminators
Fans, Motors, and Drives
COOLING TOWER DESIGN AND APPLICATION
Tower Configuration and Application
Types of Cooling Towers
Capacity and Performance Parameters
Chiller/Cooling Tower Configuration
Tower Placement and Installation
Cooling Tower Piping
Pump Selection, Placement, and Piping
Evaporative Condensers and Coolers
Cooling Tower Controls
Start/Stop Control
Capacity Control
Makeup Water Control
Operating Safety Controls
Condenser Water Treatment
Deposition Control
Corrosion Control
Biological Fouling Control
Water Treatment Control Systems
Alternative Water Treatment Methods
Treatment for Wooden Towers
Chemical Storage and Safety
Special Tower Considerations
Basin and Outdoor Piping Freeze Protection
Waterside Economizer Cycle
Noise and Vibration
Plume Control
Fire Protection
Legionella Control
COOLING TOWER OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
Cooling Tower Operation and Maintenance
Tower Commissioning
Cooling Tower Maintenance
Tower Performance Troubleshooting
Enhancing Tower Performance
Cooling Towers in Freezing Climates
Buying a Cooling Tower
Defining Tower Performance Requirements
CTI Ratings and Performance Guarantees
Economic Evaluation of Alternative Cooling Tower Systems
Procurement Specifications
Water Treatment Program Contracting
In Situ
Tower Performance TestingWhy In Situ Testing?
Testing Criteria and Methods
Tower Installation Requirements for Testing
Appendix A: Design Ambient Wet Bulb Temperatures
Appendix B1: Centrifugal Compressor Water Chillers
Appendix B2: Scroll Compressor Water Chillers
Appendix B3: Rotary Screw Compressor Water Chillers
Appendix B4: Induced Draft Cooling Towers
Appendix B5: Closed-Circuit Liquid Coolers
Appendix C: References and Resources
Index
Biography
Herbert W. Stanford III is a registered professional engineer in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Maryland. In 1977, he founded the engineering consulting firm Stanford White, Inc. Since his semiretirement in 1998, he has taught short courses on building topics at several universities. A life member of the ASHRAE, Mr. Stanford actively focuses on HVAC systems, indoor environmental quality, and building operations and maintenance.
