This book covers the design, analysis, and optimization of the cleanest, most efficient fossil fuel-fired electric power generation technology at present and in the foreseeable future.
The book contains a wealth of first principles-based calculation methods comprising key formulae, charts, rules of thumb, and other tools developed by the author over the course of 25+ years spent in the power generation industry. It is focused exclusively on actual power plant systems and actual field and/or rating data providing a comprehensive picture of the gas turbine combined cycle technology from performance and cost perspectives.
Material presented in this book is applicable for research and development studies in academia and government/industry laboratories, as well as practical, day-to-day problems encountered in the industry (including OEMs, consulting engineers and plant operators).
1 Introduction
1.1 Note on Units
2 Prerequisites
2.1 Books And Periodicals
2.2 Software Tools
2.3 Codes And Standards
2.4 References
3 Bare Necessities
3.1 Why Combined Cycle?
3.2 Combined Cycle Classification
3.3 Simple Calculations
3.4 Operability
3.5 References
4 Gas Turbine
4.1 Brief Overview
4.2 Rating Performance
4.3 Technology Landscape
4.4 Basic Calculations
4.5 Fuel Flexibility
4.6 References
5 Steam Turbine
5.1 Impulse vs. Reaction
5.2 Last Stage Bucket
5.3 Basic Calculations
5.4 References
6 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
6.1 Fundamentals of Heat Recovery
6.2 HRSG Performance Calculations
6.3 Supplementary (Duct) Firing
6.4 Supercritical Bottoming Steam Cycle
6.5 References
7 Heat Sink Options
7.1 Water-Cooled Surface Condenser
7.2 Wet Cooling Tower
7.3 Circulating Water Pumps And Piping
7.4 Air-Cooled (Dry) Condenser
7.5 Heat Sink System Selection
7.6 Heat Sink Optimization
7.7 References
8 Combining The Pieces
8.1 Topping Cycle
8.2 Bottoming Cycle
8.3 Combined Cycle
8.4 History
8.5 State Of The Art
8.6 The Hall of Fame
8.7 References
9 Major Equipment
9.1 Gas Turbine Package
9.2 Steam Turbine Package
9.3 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
9.4 AC Generator
9.5 Scope of Supply
9.6 References
10 Balance of Plant
10.1 Electrical Equipment
10.2 Pipes and Valves
10.3 Pumps
10.4 Tanks
10.5 Auxiliary Boiler
10.6 Fuel Gas Booster Compressor
10.7 Fuel Gas Heating And Conditioning System
10.8 Closed Cooling Water (CCW) System
10.9 Water Facilities
10.10 References
11 Construction And Commissioning
11.1 Procurement
11.2 Construction
11.3 Startup and Commissioning
11.4 Acceptance Tests
11.5 General Arrangement
12 Environmental Considerations
12.1 Air Permits
12.2 CEMS System
12.3 Noise Abatement
12.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
12.5 References
13 Economics
13.1 Price vs. Cost
13.2 Cost Estimation
13.3 Cost of Electricity
13.4 Value of 1 Btu/kWh of Heat Rate
13.5 Bottoming Cycle "Optimization"
13.6 References
14 Cogeneration
15 Operability
15.1 Steady State Operation
15.2 Transient Operation
15.3 GTCC Startup - Basics
15.4 GTCC Startup – Practical Considerations
15.5 GTCC Shutdown
15.6 Emergencies
15.7 Grid Code Compliance
15.8 References
16 Maintenance
16.1 Maintenance Costs
16.2 Important Metrics
16.3 Failure Mechanisms
16.4 References
17 Repowering
17.1 Which Repowering?
17.2 Cost of Repowering
17.3 An Example Calculation
17.4 Takeaways
17.5 References
18 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
18.1 Syngas-Fired Gas Turbine
18.2 Bottoming Cycle
18.3 Gasification
18.4 Example
18.5 References
19 Carbon Capture
19.1 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Basics
19.2 Simple Calculations
19.3 References
20 What Next?
Appendix
A. Property Calculations
B. Standard Conditions For Temperature And Pressure
C. Exergetic Efficiency
C.1 Bottoming Cycle Exergy Balance
D. Thermal Response Basics
E. Steam Turbine Stress Basics
E.1 Differential Expansion
E.2 Rotor Thermal Stress
E.3. References
F. Carbon Capture
Biography
Dr. S. Can Gülen (PhD 1992, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY), PE, ASME Fellow, has 25 years of mechanical engineering experience covering a wide spectrum of technology, system, and software design, development (GTPRO/MASTER, Thermoflex), assessment, and analysis, primarily in the field of steam and gas turbine combined cycle (109FB-SS, IGCC 207FB, H-System) process and power plant turbomachinery and thermodynamics (in Thermoflow, Inc., General Electric and Bechtel). Dr. Gülen has authored/co-authored numerous internal/external archival papers and articles (40+), design practices, technical assessment reports, and US patents (20+) on gas turbine performance, cost, optimization, data reconciliation, analysis and modelling.