2nd Edition

Fundamentals and Applications of Ultrasonic Waves

By J. David N. Cheeke Copyright 2012
    504 Pages 161 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    504 Pages 161 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Written at an intermediate level in a way that is easy to understand, Fundamentals and Applications of Ultrasonic Waves, Second Edition provides an up-to-date exposition of ultrasonics and some of its main applications. Designed specifically for newcomers to the field, this fully updated second edition emphasizes underlying physical concepts over mathematics.

    The first half covers the fundamentals of ultrasonic waves for isotropic media. Starting with bulk liquid and solid media, discussion extends to surface and plate effects, at which point the author introduces new modes such as Rayleigh and Lamb waves. This focus on only isotropic media simplifies the usually complex mathematics involved, enabling a clearer understanding of the underlying physics to avoid the complicated tensorial description characteristic of crystalline media.

    The second part of the book addresses a broad spectrum of industrial and research applications, including quartz crystal resonators, surface acoustic wave devices, MEMS and microacoustics, and acoustic sensors. It also provides a broad discussion on the use of ultrasonics for non-destructive evaluation. The author concentrates on the developing area of microacoustics, including exciting new work on the use of probe microscopy techniques in nanotechnology.

    Focusing on the physics of acoustic waves, as well as their propagation, technology, and applications, this book addresses viscoelasticity, as well as new concepts in acoustic microscopy. It updates coverage of ultrasonics in nature and developments in sonoluminescence, and it also compares new technologies, including use of atomic force acoustic microscopy and lasers. Highlighting both direct and indirect applications for readers working in neighboring disciplines, the author presents particularly important sections on the use of microacoustics and acoustic nanoprobes in next-generation devices and instruments.

    Ultrasonics: An Overview

    Introduction

    Ultrasonics in Nature

    Historical Development

    Physical Acoustics

    Low-Frequency Bulk Acoustic Wave Applications

    Surface Acoustic Waves

    Piezoelectric Materials

    High-Power Ultrasonics

    Medical Ultrasonics

    Acousto-Optics

    Underwater Acoustics and Seismology


    Introduction to Vibrations and Waves

    Vibrations

    Wave Motion


    Bulk Waves in Fluids

    One-Dimensional Theory of Fluids

    Three-Dimensional Model


    Introduction to the Theory of Elasticity

    A Short Introduction to Tensors

    Strain Tensor

    Stress Tensor

    Thermodynamics of Deformation

    Hooke’s Law

    Other Elastic Constants


    Bulk Acoustic Waves in Solids

    1D Model of Solids

    Wave Equation in Three Dimensions

    Material Properties

    Viscoelastic Solids


    Finite Beams: Radiation, Diffraction, and Scattering

    Radiation

    Scattering

    Focused Acoustic Waves

    Radiation Pressure

    Doppler Effect


    Reflection and Transmission of Ultrasonic Waves at Interfaces

    Introduction

    Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence

    Oblique Incidence: Fluid–Fluid Interface

    Fluid–Solid Interface

    Solid–Solid Interface


    Rayleigh Waves

    Introduction

    Rayleigh Wave Propagation

    Fluid-Loaded Surface


    Lamb Waves

    Potential Method for Lamb Waves

    Fluid-Loading Effects


    Acoustic Waveguides

    Introduction: Partial Wave Analysis

    Waveguide Equation: SH Modes

    Lamb Waves

    Rayleigh Waves

    Layered Substrates

    Multilayer Structures

    Free Isotropic Cylinder

    Waveguide Configurations


    Crystal Acoustics

    Introduction

    Group Velocity and Characteristic Surfaces

    Piezoelectricity


    Cavitation and Sonoluminescence

    Bubble Dynamics

    Multibubble Sonoluminescence

    Single Bubble SL


    Bulk Acoustic Wave Transducers, Delay Lines, and Oscillators

    Bulk Acoustic Wave Transducers

    Bulk Acoustic Wave Delay Lines

    Quartz Crystal Resonators

    Silicon Oscillators


    Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, Analog Signal Processing, and Mobile Applications

    Introduction

    Basic Components

    Materials and Technology

    Signal Processing

    Saw Applications

    Saw Wireless Communication to Coded Devices


    Microacoustics: RF MEMS, FBAR, and CMUT

    Introduction

    Overview of MEMS Technology

    Rf MEMS

    FBAR

    CMUT Capacitive Transducers


    Acoustic Sensors

    Thickness-Shear Mode Resonators

    Saw Sensors

    SH-Type Sensors

    Flexural Plate Wave Sensors

    CMUT Chem/Biosensor

    FBAR Liquid Sensors

    Thin-Rod Acoustic Sensors

    Gravimetric Sensitivity Analysis and Comparison

    Physical Sensing of Liquids

    Chemical Gas Sensors

    Taste Sensing: Electronic Tongue

    Biosensing

    Perspectives in Acoustic Sensors


    Focused Beam Acoustic Microscopy

    Introduction

    Resolution

    Acoustic Lens Design

    Contrast Mechanisms and Quantitative Measurements

    Applications of Acoustic Microscopy


    Near-Field Acoustic Microscopy

    Introduction

    Scanning Tunneling Microscope

    Atomic Force Microscope

    Ultrasonic AFM

    Contact Resonance Force Microscopy

    Mechanical Diode Effect Microscopy

    Acoustic Wave Probe Microscopy

    Other Probe Microscopies

    Perspectives


    Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials

    Introduction

    Surfaces

    Plates

    Layered Structures

    Adhesion

    Thickness Gauging

    Process Control

    Structural Health Monitoring

    Time Reversal Mirrors


    Non/Loosely Contacting NDE Techniques

    Laser Ultrasonics

    Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers

    Air-Coupled Transducers

    Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

     

    Appendix A: Bessel Functions

    Appendix B: Acoustic Properties of Materials

    Appendix C: Complementary Laboratory Experiments

    Biography

    J. David N. Cheeke received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in engineering physics from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, in 1959 and 1961, respectively, and his Ph.D in low temperature physics from Nottingham University, United Kingdom, in 1965. He then joined the Low Temperature Laboratory, CNRS, Grenoble, France, and also served as professor of physics at the Université de Grenoble. In 1975, Dr. Cheeke moved to the Université de Sherbrooke, Canada, where he set up an ultrasonics laboratory, specializing in physical acoustics, acoustic microscopy, and acoustic sensors. In 1991, he joined the physics department at Concordia University, Montreal, where he was head of an ultrasonics laboratory. He was chair of the department from 1992 to 2000. In 2003 he retired from Concordia University and became Vice President, Operations, of Microbridge Technologies, Inc., Montreal, a spinoff from Concordia University. He retired from Microbridge in 2006 and has lived in Victoria, BC, since that time. He has published more than 150 papers on various aspects of ultrasonics and acoustics. He is a senior member of the IEEE.

    "…balances elementary introduction and advanced application; his discussion of advanced application extends to current research in theoretical and experimental ultrasonics. …wherever possible Cheeke uses qualitative models to elucidate complex concepts he has derived mathematically but whose full physical implications may be opaque to the neophyte. In introducing ultrasonic measurement techniques, he enumerates the steps and methods -- and also the pitfalls that await the unsuspecting novice."
    -- Physics Today, April 2003