7th Edition

Drugs of Natural Origin A Treatise of Pharmacognosy, Seventh Edition

By Gunnar Samuelsson, Lars Bohlin Copyright 2015
    808 Pages
    by Swedish Pharmaceutical Press

    Drugs of Natural Origin is a unique multidisciplinary book suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and teachers in the area of natural product science, but also as a complementary book for disciplines like medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology. The book can also serve society as a scientific source for the understanding of a sustainable use of natural products in the development of new drugs, scientifically based herbal remedies, and environmentally friendly biomolecules.

    During evolution, molecules have been developed for specific functions in nature. These bioactive substances have a potential as new drug candidates in drug development, but also as pharmacological tools, intermediates or templates for synthesis of drugs. This book deals with terrestrial and marine bioactive substances of plant, microbial or animal origin. The occurrence, biosynthesis, isolation, chemistry and medical use are described together with basic research strategies. An increased understanding of the medical importance of bioactive natural products has developed in society. Since the publication of the sixth edition, six years ago, considerable progress has been achieved in the study of biosynthetic pathways, mainly based on gene technology. The revolution in high-throughput sequencing technology has given an increasing access to microbial genome sequences, which opens up new possibilities in the discovery of novel bioactive natural products. This development is reflected in a substantial revision and expansion of the book, but also removal of some sections containing products remotely associated with drugs. The new book also contains description of novel drugs marketed since the publication of the previous edition, especially in the field of diabetes, cancer and infection.

    Introduction
    Definitions
    The history of natural products in medicine
    Natural products as modern drugs
    Production of drugs based on natural products

    The role of natural products in drug discovery

    Plants used in traditional medicine 

    Ethnopharmacology

    Natural products from marine organisms

    Combinatorial biosynthesis

    Screening of randomly chosen organisms

    Chemoinformatics and phylogenetics

    Systems biology

    Application of the systemic biology approach to the study of natural products used in medicine

    Pharmacognosy as a research subject

    Further reading

    Plant- derived Crude Drugs and Herbal Remedies

    Nomenclature

    Production of crude drugs from medicinal plants

    Cultivation of medicinal plants

    Propagation of plants

    Plant breeding

    Collecting and harvesting medicinal plants

    Preservation of plant material

    Storage of crude drugs

    Quality control of crude drugs

    Sterilization of crude drugs

    Preparations of crude drugs

    Grinding of crude drugs

    Herbal "Teas"

    Extracts

    Herbal remedies

    Definitions and trade regulations

    Side effects

    Interactions

    Information sources

    Isolation of pure compounds from extracts of crude drugs and other organisms

    Isolation of compounds with known properties

    Bioassay-guided isolation

    Industrial high-throughput screening of extracts

    Further reading

    Biotechnological Drug Production

    Production of antibiotics

    The growth curve of microorganisms

    Energy metabolism and production of metabolites in microorganisms

    Technical aspects of the producton of antibiotics

    Plant tissue and cell culture (plant biotechnology)

    Callus cultures

    Suspension cultures

    Organ cultures and regeneration of plants

    Environmental factors of importance for plant tissue and cell culture

    Tissue and cell culture in plant breeding

    Industrial production of natural products by plant tissue and cell cultures

    Future prospects for plant biotechnology in the production of drugs

    Further reading

    Formation of Pharmacologically Active Compounds in Plants – Biosynthesis

    Photosynthesis

    Light reactions and dark reactions

    Dark reactions

    Photorespiration

    Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

    Investigation of biosynthetic pathways

    Transporters of secondary metabolites

    Classification of natural products

    Further reading

    Carbohydrates

    Monosaccharides

    Disaccharides

    Polysaccharides

    Gums and mucilages

    Reduction products of carbohydrates: sugar alcohols, Natural products related to carbohydrates, Glycosides, Aminoglycoside antibiotics, Acarbose,

    Further reading

    Natural Products Derived Biosynthetically from Shikimic Acid

    Shikimic acid

    Localization of the shikimic acid pathway

    The enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway

    Biosynthesis of shikimic acid

    Gallic acid and tannins

    The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

    Biosynthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine

    Biosynthesis of tryptophan

    Phenylpropanes

    Typical phenylpropanes

    Adaptogens

    Coumarins and furanocoumarins

    Substances formed from phenylpropanes by shortening of the side-chain

    Further reading

    Natural Products Derived Biosynthetically from Acetate

    7a. The acylpolymalonate pathway

    Fatty acids

    Saturated fatty acids

    Unsaturated fatty acids

    Other derivatives of fatty acids

    Fats and waxes

    Fats

    Waxes

    Phospholipids

    Eicasonoids

    Prostaglandins

    Thromboxanes

    Leukotrienes

    Lipstatin

    Polyketides

    Polyketides derived from acetate or propionate

    Macrolides

    Erythromycins

    Avermectins

    Spiramycins

    Polyene macrolide antibiotics

    Epothilones

    Polyether macrolides

    Griseofulvin

    Mevastatin and lovastatin

    Leptospermone and Nitisinone

    Mupirocin

    Tetracyclines

    Anthracyclines

    Mithramycin

    Enediynes

    Anthraquinones

    Polyketides of mixed biogenetic origin

    Flavonoids

    Kava pyrones

    Flavonolignans

    Mycophenolic acid

    The ansamycin group of antibiotics

    Rapamycin

    Tacrolimus (FK-506)

    Rotenoids

    Khellin

    Sodium cromoglycate

    Further reading

    7b. The isopentenyl diphosphate pathway Isoprenoids

    Mevalonic acid and isopentenyl diphosphate

    The non-mevalonate pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids

    Monoterpenes

    Biosynthesis of monoterpenes

    Hydrocarbons

    Alcohols

    Aldehydes

    Ketones

    Phenols

    Iridoids and secoiridoids

    Other oxidized monoterpenes

    Sesquiterpenes

    Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes

    Diterpenes

    Biosynthesis of diterpenes

    Triterpenes and steroids

    Biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids

    Biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenes

    Biosynthesis of tetracyclic triterpenes and steroids

    Triterpenes

    Saponins

    Modified triterpenes

    Steroidal hormones

    Cardiac glycosides

    Glycosides from Digitalis purpurea

    Glycosides from Digitalis lananta

    Other cardiac glycosides

    Vitamin D

    Tetraterpenes

    Biosynthesis of tetraterpenes

    Further reading

    Amino acids

    2-oxoglutaric acid group

    Pyruvic acid group

    Oxalacetic acid group

    Serine group

    Histidine

    Aromatic amino acids

    Essential amino acids

    Toxic, non-proteinogenic amino acids

    Other amino acids of medicinal interest

    Further reading

    Natural Products Derived Biosynthetically from Amino Acids

    Peptides and proteins

    Symbols for the amino acids in the primary structures of peptides and proteins

    Proteolytic enzymes

    Other enzymes with medicinal use

    Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP toxins)

    Lectins

    Amanita toxins

    Snake venoms

    Lizard toxins

    Ziconotide

    Mistletoe toxins

    Cyclotides

    Non-ribosomal polypeptides

    Glycopeptide antibiotics

    Streptogramin antibiotics

    -Lactam antibiotics

    Other -lactams

    Vitamins derived from amino acids

    Further reading

    Alkaloids

    General aspects

    Amino alkaloids

    Aziridine alkaloids

    Pyridine and piperidine alkaloids

    Tropane alkaloids

    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio alkaloids)

    Quinolizidine alkaloids (Lupinus alkaloids)

    Isoquinoline alkaloids

    Protoberberine alkaloids

    Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids

    Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids

    Amaryllidaceae alkaloids

    Benzophenanthridine alkaloids

    Terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

    Indole alkaloids

    Simple indole alkaloids

    Terpenoid indole alkaloids

    Quinoline alkaloids

    Imidazole alkaloids

    Steroidal alkaloids

    Aconitum alkaloids

    Guanidinium alkaloids

    Further reading

    Purines and Pyrimidines

    Purine derivatives

    Biosynthesis

    ATP

    Coenzyme A (CoA)

    Guanosine 5´-triphosphate (GTP)

    Riboflavin

    Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

    Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline

    Pyrimidine derivatives

    Uridine triphosphate (UTP)

    Cytidine triphosphate (CTP)

    Cytarabine (Ara-C)

    Further reading

    Phosphonates and phosphinates

    Appendix I

    Index

    Biography

    Gunnar Samuelsson

    "The seventh edition of Drugs of Natural Origin. A Treatise
    of Pharmacognosy preserves the same high standards as in
    the sixth edition. Altogether, there are 12 chapters in this newly
    revised edition, written by two internationally renowned
    authors. The chapters are well organized, and at the end of
    each chapter the authors provide a section for further reading
    with primary references that could be used by the reader to
    enhance the content found in the book on a particular topic. . . .
    Currently, this book may be regarded as the leading text in
    the area of pharmacognosy in the English language. The new
    generation of scientists in the area of natural products and their
    students will certainly benefit from this high-quality textbook.
    In this reviewer’s opinion, this textbook should be available in
    every university biomedical library and in the individual
    collection of natural product researchers, as it is covers
    multidisciplinary areas of applications, including biochemistry,
    ethnomedicine, medicinal chemistry, and phytochemistry.
    Kudos to the authors for this truly outstanding volume!"

    --Esperanza Carcache de Blanco, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States